The Constitutional Convention of 1787 was a pivotal moment in American history. Delegates from across the nation gathered to address the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation and create a new system of government that would unite the states.

Key debates centered on representation, slavery, and the structure of the executive branch. The resulting Constitution established a federal system with checks and balances, balancing state and national interests while laying the groundwork for a more unified nation.

The Constitutional Convention

Key debates of Constitutional Convention

• Representation in the legislature
  • Virginia Plan proposed a bicameral legislature with representation based on population, giving larger states more influence
  • New Jersey Plan advocated for a unicameral legislature with equal representation for each state, protecting the interests of smaller states
  • Connecticut Compromise resolved the debate by creating a bicameral legislature with the House of Representatives based on population and the Senate providing equal representation (two senators per state)
• Slavery
  • Three-Fifths Compromise counted three-fifths of the enslaved population for representation and taxation purposes, increasing the political power of slave states (Southern states)
  • Slave Trade Compromise prohibited Congress from banning the international slave trade until 1808, protecting the economic interests of slave states (South Carolina and Georgia)
• Executive branch structure
  • Delegates debated between a single executive (president) and an executive council to prevent concentration of power
  • Electoral College established as a method for indirect election of the president, balancing popular participation and state interests
• Commerce and trade
  • Commerce Compromise gave Congress the power to regulate interstate and international trade, promoting economic unity and preventing trade barriers between states
• Bill of Rights
  • Federalists argued that a Bill of Rights was unnecessary due to the limited and enumerated powers of the federal government
  • Anti-Federalists demanded the inclusion of a Bill of Rights to protect individual liberties from potential government overreach

Constitution's approach to major issues

• Representation
  • House of Representatives provides proportional representation based on population, ensuring the interests of larger states are represented
  • Senate offers equal representation with two senators per state, protecting the interests of smaller states and promoting balance
• Slavery
  • Three-Fifths Compromise increased representation of slave states in the House of Representatives, enhancing their political influence
  • Fugitive Slave Clause required escaped enslaved people to be returned to their enslavers, reinforcing the institution of slavery
  • Constitution protected the international slave trade until 1808, prioritizing the economic interests of slave states over the abolition of the slave trade
• Federal power
  • Supremacy Clause established the Constitution and federal laws as the supreme law of the land, asserting federal authority over state laws
  • Necessary and Proper Clause (Elastic Clause) granted Congress implied powers to fulfill its enumerated responsibilities, allowing for flexibility in governing
  • Commerce Clause gave Congress the power to regulate interstate and international trade, promoting economic cohesion and preventing trade disputes between states

Key principles and concepts

• Separation of powers: The Constitution divided the government into three branches (legislative, executive, and judicial) to prevent any single branch from becoming too powerful
• Popular sovereignty: The idea that the government's authority comes from the people, reflected in the Constitution's opening phrase "We the People"
• Federalism: A system of government where power is divided between national and state governments, balancing central authority with local autonomy
• Republicanism: The principle of representative government, with elected officials serving the interests of the people

Notable figures

• James Madison: Known as the "Father of the Constitution," he played a crucial role in drafting and promoting the document
• Alexander Hamilton: A key advocate for a strong central government and author of many of the Federalist Papers
• George Washington: Presided over the Constitutional Convention, lending credibility to the process and later serving as the first President under the new Constitution

Ratification of the Constitution

Arguments for and against ratification

• Federalists (supporters)
  • Argued that a strong national government was necessary for unity, stability, and prosperity, as the Articles of Confederation had proven inadequate
  • Believed that the checks and balances system would prevent tyranny by distributing power among three branches of government (legislative, executive, judicial)
  • Emphasized that the enumerated powers limited the federal government's authority, preventing overreach into state and individual affairs
  • Contended that a Bill of Rights was unnecessary due to the limited and defined powers of the federal government outlined in the Constitution
• Anti-Federalists (opponents)
  • Feared that the Constitution granted too much power to the federal government at the expense of states' rights and autonomy
  • Argued that the lack of a Bill of Rights left individual liberties unprotected from potential government abuse
  • Believed that the executive branch had too much power (veto power, commander-in-chief) and resembled a monarchy, threatening republican principles
  • Worried that a large, centralized government would be distant from the people and unresponsive to their needs, favoring a more decentralized system