The 1960s saw a surge in environmental awareness, fueled by media coverage of disasters and scientific evidence of human impact. This awakening led to widespread activism, inspired by other social movements and key publications like Rachel Carson's "Silent Spring."

The environmental movement gained momentum through grassroots efforts and major legislation. The Clean Air Act, Clean Water Act, and Endangered Species Act were landmark laws that addressed pollution and conservation, while activist groups like the Sierra Club played crucial roles in advocacy and public education.

The Environmental Movement in the 1960s

Rise of environmental movement

• Increased public awareness of environmental issues due to media coverage of disasters and pollution (oil spills, smog)
• Growing scientific evidence of human impact on environment sparked concern (climate change, habitat destruction)
• Economic prosperity and rise of consumerism led to more waste and pollution as production and consumption increased
• Growing middle class had more leisure time to enjoy and appreciate nature, fostering appreciation for environment
• Social and political activism of 1960s, such as civil rights and anti-war movements, inspired environmental activism
• Counterculture movement emphasized harmony with nature and rejection of materialism, aligning with environmentalism
• Influence of key publications like Rachel Carson's Silent Spring (1962) raised concerns about pesticides
• Earth Day (1970) mobilized millions of Americans to support environmental protection, demonstrating widespread support

Impact of Silent Spring

• Exposed dangers of pesticides, particularly DDT, by documenting harmful effects on wildlife and potential human health risks
• Challenged chemical industry's claims of safety and necessity, questioning prevailing assumptions
• Sparked national debate on use of pesticides and environmental protection, bringing issue to forefront of public consciousness
• Inspired grassroots activism and public pressure for government action, leading to banning of DDT in United States in 1972
• Raised public awareness of interconnectedness of ecosystems and human health, emphasizing need for precautionary approach
• Encouraged more holistic view of environment and human responsibility, shifting perspectives on human-nature relationship

Environmental Legislation and Activism

Major environmental legislation

• Clean Air Act (1963, amended 1970 and 1990) established national air quality standards and emissions regulations, requiring state plans
• Clean Water Act (1972) set water quality standards, regulated pollutant discharges into waterways, and funded sewage treatment plants
• Endangered Species Act (1973) provided for conservation of threatened and endangered species and habitats, prohibiting "taking" and requiring consultation
• National Environmental Policy Act (1969) required federal agencies to assess environmental impact of actions and established Council on Environmental Quality

Role of grassroots activism

• Sierra Club and other established conservation groups lobbied for legislation, sued government agencies, educated public, and mobilized support
• Environmental Defense Fund and other new organizations used science, economics, and law to advocate for protection and focus on specific issues (pesticides, pollution)
• Student and citizen activists organized Earth Day events and demonstrations to raise awareness and demand action, participated in local campaigns (protecting natural areas, fighting pollution)
• Key figures like David Brower (Sierra Club) led campaigns to protect wilderness areas, while Barry Commoner (ecologist, author) popularized "four laws of ecology" and criticized nuclear testing and industrial pollution