The Northern Renaissance saw a flourishing of artistic talent beyond Jan van Eyck and Rogier van der Weyden. Flemish Primitives like Robert Campin pioneered oil painting techniques, while Hans Memling and Hugo van der Goes excelled in portraiture and devotional art.

Dutch master Hieronymus Bosch created fantastical moral allegories. In Germany, Albrecht Dürer revolutionized printmaking, while Matthias Grünewald and Lucas Cranach the Elder produced powerful religious works and court paintings, expanding the Northern Renaissance's reach and influence.

Flemish Primitives

Robert Campin and his innovations

• Robert Campin, also known as the Master of Flémalle, was an early Flemish painter active in the early 15th century
• Campin is considered one of the founders of the Flemish Primitives style characterized by a focus on naturalism, detail, and the use of oil paint
• Introduced the technique of painting in thin, translucent layers of oil paint (glazing) which allowed for greater depth and luminosity in his works
• Known for his innovative use of perspective and the incorporation of everyday objects and settings in his religious paintings (Mérode Altarpiece)

Hans Memling and Hugo van der Goes: Masters of portraiture and devotional art

• Hans Memling was a leading Flemish painter of the late 15th century known for his religious works and portraits
• Memling's portraits are notable for their psychological depth and the use of symbolic elements to convey the sitter's status and virtues (Portrait of a Man with a Roman Coin)
• Hugo van der Goes was a Flemish painter active in the late 15th century and a member of the Ghent painters' guild
• Van der Goes is known for his large-scale altarpieces and devotional paintings characterized by their emotional intensity and use of vivid colors (Portinari Altarpiece)
• Both Memling and Van der Goes contributed to the development of the devotional diptych format, which consists of two hinged panels with religious scenes or portraits (Diptych of Maarten van Nieuwenhove)

Dutch Masters

Hieronymus Bosch: Fantastical imagery and moral allegories

• Hieronymus Bosch was a Dutch painter active in the late 15th and early 16th centuries, known for his highly imaginative and often unsettling works
• Bosch's paintings are characterized by their complex, fantastical imagery and their exploration of moral and religious themes
• His works often depict the consequences of human folly and sin, using allegorical and symbolic elements to convey moral messages (The Garden of Earthly Delights, The Seven Deadly Sins)
• Bosch's unique style and subject matter had a significant influence on later artists, particularly the Surrealists of the 20th century

German Renaissance Artists

Albrecht Dürer: Master of printmaking and the Northern Renaissance

• Albrecht Dürer was a German painter, printmaker, and theorist, widely regarded as the greatest artist of the Northern Renaissance
• Dürer revolutionized printmaking techniques, particularly woodcuts and engravings, which allowed for the mass production and dissemination of his works (Knight, Death, and the Devil)
• Known for his self-portraits, which demonstrate his mastery of observation and his interest in self-representation (Self-Portrait at 28)
• Dürer's works reflect his interest in Italian Renaissance art, particularly the use of linear perspective and the idealization of the human form (Adam and Eve)

Matthias Grünewald and Lucas Cranach the Elder: Religious art and court painting

• Matthias Grünewald was a German painter active in the early 16th century, known for his highly expressive and emotionally charged religious works
• Grünewald's masterpiece, the Isenheim Altarpiece, is notable for its vivid colors, dramatic lighting, and the raw, visceral depiction of Christ's suffering
• Lucas Cranach the Elder was a German painter and printmaker active in the early 16th century, known for his portraits and mythological scenes
• Cranach served as court painter to the Electors of Saxony and was a close friend of Martin Luther, creating numerous portraits of the reformer and his family (Portrait of Martin Luther)
• Cranach's works are characterized by their elegant, elongated figures and the use of vibrant colors, particularly in his depictions of mythological and allegorical subjects (The Judgment of Paris)