The Quran and Hadith form the core of Islamic scripture, guiding Muslims worldwide. The Quran, revealed to Prophet Muhammad over 23 years, is divided into 114 surahs covering theological, ethical, and legal matters. Its unique structure and literary style reflect its divine origin.

Hadiths, sayings and actions of Muhammad, were compiled after his death. They're classified based on authenticity and transmission. The rigorous compilation process involved scrutinizing narrators and chains of transmission. Major collections like Sahih al-Bukhari are widely respected in Islamic scholarship.

Origins of Islamic scripture

• Islamic scripture forms the foundation of the Islamic faith, providing guidance and laws for Muslims worldwide
• The Quran and Hadith serve as primary sources of Islamic teachings, shaping religious practices and beliefs across diverse cultures

Revelation of the Quran

• Occurred over 23 years to Prophet Muhammad through the angel Gabriel
• Began in 610 CE in the Cave of Hira near Mecca
• Revelations continued until shortly before Muhammad's death in 632 CE
• Preserved initially through oral recitation and memorization by companions

Compilation of Hadith collections

• Process started after Muhammad's death to preserve his sayings and actions
• Early compilations began during the time of the Rightly Guided Caliphs
• Major collections emerged in the 9th century CE
• Six canonical Sunni collections (Sahih al-Bukhari, Sahih Muslim) gained widespread acceptance

Structure of the Quran

• The Quran's unique structure reflects its divine origin and gradual revelation
• Understanding its organization helps Muslims navigate and interpret its teachings effectively

Surahs and verses

• 114 surahs (chapters) of varying lengths
• Surahs arranged roughly in order of decreasing length, except for Al-Fatihah
• Verses (ayat) number over 6,000 in total
• Each surah begins with "Bismillah" (In the name of Allah), except for Surah At-Tawbah

Meccan vs Medinan surahs

• Meccan surahs revealed before the Hijra (migration to Medina) in 622 CE
• Focus on monotheism, Day of Judgment, and moral teachings
• Medinan surahs revealed after the Hijra
• Address social, political, and legal matters for the growing Muslim community

Themes and literary style

• Repetition of key themes reinforces central messages
• Use of rhetorical devices (rhyme, alliteration, metaphor)
• Shifts between first, second, and third person narration
• Stories of prophets and past nations serve as moral lessons

Content of the Quran

• The Quran covers a wide range of topics relevant to spiritual and worldly life
• Its teachings form the basis for Islamic beliefs, practices, and societal norms

Theological teachings

• Strict monotheism (Tawhid) as the core belief
• Attributes of Allah (99 names)
• Prophethood and revelation
• Afterlife, including Paradise (Jannah) and Hell (Jahannam)
• Angels and jinn as part of the unseen world

Ethical and moral guidelines

• Emphasis on justice, compassion, and forgiveness
• Prohibition of major sins (shirk, murder, adultery)
• Importance of honesty, kindness, and respect for parents
• Encouragement of charity and helping the needy
• Modesty in behavior and dress

Legal and social instructions

• Inheritance laws and distribution of wealth
• Marriage, divorce, and family relations
• Dietary restrictions (halal and haram foods)
• Criminal punishments for certain offenses
• Rules for financial transactions and contracts

Types of Hadith

• Hadiths are classified based on their authenticity, transmission, and content
• Understanding these classifications helps scholars and Muslims evaluate the reliability of narrations

Sahih vs weak Hadith

• Sahih (authentic) hadiths meet strict criteria for reliability
• Weak (da'if) hadiths have flaws in their chain of narration or content
• Grades between sahih and da'if include hasan (good) and hassan li-ghayrihi (good due to supporting evidence)

Qudsi Hadith

• Divine sayings attributed to Allah but not part of the Quran
• Transmitted through Prophet Muhammad's words
• Hold a special status between Quranic verses and regular hadiths
• Often relate to Allah's attributes, mercy, and relationship with believers

Mutawatir vs Ahad Hadith

• Mutawatir hadiths transmitted by numerous chains of narrators
• Considered to provide certain knowledge and cannot be rejected
• Ahad hadiths reported by fewer narrators
• Further classified as mashhur (well-known), aziz (rare), or gharib (strange)

Hadith compilation process

• The compilation of hadiths involved rigorous methods to ensure authenticity
• This process developed into a sophisticated science of hadith criticism

Chain of narration

• Isnad (chain of transmitters) recorded for each hadith
• Includes names of narrators from the Prophet to the final collector
• Scholars scrutinized each narrator's reliability and memory
• Unbroken chains with trustworthy narrators considered more authentic

Criteria for authenticity

• Continuity of the isnad (no missing links)
• Narrators must be known for their uprightness and strong memory
• Absence of hidden defects (ilal) in the text or transmission
• No contradiction with stronger hadiths or established Islamic principles
• Corroboration from other narrations for higher levels of authenticity

Major Hadith collections

• Sahih al-Bukhari and Sahih Muslim (most respected Sunni collections)
• Sunan Abu Dawud, Jami al-Tirmidhi, Sunan an-Nasa'i, Sunan ibn Majah
• Al-Kafi (primary Shia collection)
• Muwatta of Imam Malik (early legal compilation incorporating hadiths)