Abstract classes and methods are powerful tools in object-oriented programming. They provide a blueprint for other classes, allowing partial implementation of functionality and promoting code reuse. Abstract classes can't be instantiated directly but serve as a foundation for concrete subclasses.

Abstract methods, declared without implementation, create a contract for subclasses to fulfill. This enables polymorphism and supports the template method pattern. Abstract classes and methods strike a balance between interfaces and concrete classes, offering flexibility and structure in class hierarchies.

Abstract Classes

Understanding Abstract Classes and Their Purpose

• Abstract classes serve as blueprints for other classes, cannot be instantiated directly
• Contain both abstract and concrete methods, providing a common structure for related classes
• Enable partial implementation of functionality, allowing subclasses to complete the implementation
• Promote code reuse and maintain a consistent interface across related classes
• Support abstraction by hiding complex implementation details from the end-user
• Can have constructors, used to initialize common attributes in subclasses

Concrete Classes and Their Relationship to Abstract Classes

• Concrete classes extend abstract classes, providing full implementation of all abstract methods
• Inherit attributes and methods from the abstract parent class
• Can be instantiated to create objects with defined behaviors
• May override inherited methods to provide specialized functionality
• Utilize the template provided by the abstract class to ensure consistent structure

Abstract Class Implementation and Usage

• Abstract classes are declared using the abstract keyword in most object-oriented programming languages
• Cannot be instantiated directly, but can be used as reference types
• May contain instance variables, static variables, and concrete methods
• Abstract methods are declared without a body, ending with a semicolon
• Subclasses must implement all abstract methods or be declared abstract themselves
• Can have constructors to initialize common attributes, called using super() in subclass constructors

Abstract Methods

Defining and Implementing Abstract Methods

• Abstract methods are declared without an implementation in abstract classes
• Provide a contract for subclasses to implement specific functionality
• Declared using the abstract keyword followed by the method signature and a semicolon
• Must be implemented by all concrete subclasses of the abstract class
• Enable polymorphism by allowing different implementations in subclasses
• Cannot have a method body in the abstract class

Method Overriding and Polymorphism

• Method overriding occurs when a subclass provides a specific implementation for an inherited method
• Overridden methods must have the same name, return type, and parameter list as the abstract method
• Enables runtime polymorphism, allowing objects to behave differently based on their actual type
• Supports the "is-a" relationship between abstract classes and their concrete subclasses
• Can be annotated with @Override to ensure correct overriding and catch errors at compile-time

Template Method Pattern and Abstract Class Design

• Template Method Pattern uses abstract classes to define the skeleton of an algorithm
• Consists of a template method that calls abstract and concrete methods in a specific order
• Abstract methods in the pattern are implemented by subclasses to provide specific behavior
• Concrete methods in the abstract class provide common functionality for all subclasses
• Promotes code reuse by centralizing common logic in the abstract class
• Allows for easy extension of algorithms without modifying existing code

Inheritance and Code Reuse

Inheritance Fundamentals and Abstract Classes

• Inheritance establishes an "is-a" relationship between classes, creating a class hierarchy
• Abstract classes serve as base classes in inheritance hierarchies, defining common attributes and behaviors
• Subclasses inherit all non-private members (fields and methods) from their abstract superclass
• Enables code reuse by allowing subclasses to utilize and extend functionality from abstract classes
• Supports the principle of abstraction by hiding implementation details in the superclass

Code Reuse Strategies with Abstract Classes

• Abstract classes promote code reuse by centralizing common functionality in a single location
• Reduce code duplication by defining shared methods and attributes in the abstract class
• Allow for easy maintenance and updates by modifying the abstract class instead of multiple subclasses
• Support the DRY (Don't Repeat Yourself) principle in software development
• Enable the creation of extensible and modular code structures

Comparing Abstract Classes and Interfaces

• Abstract classes support partial implementation, while interfaces traditionally contain only method signatures
• A class can extend only one abstract class but can implement multiple interfaces
• Abstract classes can have constructors, instance variables, and non-abstract methods
• Interfaces are used to define a contract, while abstract classes provide a common base implementation
• Abstract classes are suitable for closely related classes, while interfaces work well for unrelated classes that share common behavior
• Both abstract classes and interfaces support polymorphism and can be used as reference types