Object-oriented programming (OOP) principles form the backbone of modern software design. Encapsulation, a key OOP concept, bundles data and methods into a single unit, enhancing code organization and security. This approach simplifies maintenance and improves flexibility in complex systems.

Data hiding, a crucial aspect of encapsulation, restricts direct access to an object's internal data. By using access modifiers and getter/setter methods, developers can control how data is accessed and modified, protecting integrity and enabling abstraction in large-scale applications.

Object-Oriented Programming Principles

Encapsulation in OOP

• Encapsulation bundles data and methods operating on that data within a single unit (class) restricts direct access to object components
• Promotes modularity and organization of code enhances data security by controlling access simplifies maintenance and updates to the codebase
• Reduces complexity by hiding implementation details improves code flexibility and reusability (ATM machine, Car engine)

Data hiding importance

• Data hiding restricts direct access to an object's internal data achieved through access modifiers and getter/setter methods
• Protects data integrity by preventing unauthorized modifications allows for controlled access to object state
• Enables abstraction by exposing only necessary information facilitates change management in large-scale applications (Bank account balance, Social security number)

Implementing encapsulated classes

• Class structure uses private data members to store internal state provides public methods to interact with the object
• Getter methods provide read access to private data can include additional logic or validation
• Setter methods control write access to private data enforce data validation and business rules
• Constructor initializes private data members ensures object is in a valid state upon creation
• BankAccount class demonstrates encapsulation with private balance and public deposit/withdraw methods

Access modifier types

• Public access modifier allows unrestricted access from any part of the program used for methods and properties that form the class interface
• Private access modifier restricts access to within the class itself used for internal implementation details and data
• Protected access modifier allows access within the class and its subclasses used when inheritance is involved to share functionality
• Comparison:
  1. Public: least restrictive, accessible everywhere
  2. Protected: moderately restrictive, accessible in class hierarchy
  3. Private: most restrictive, accessible only within the class
• Use private by default to maximize encapsulation use public for methods that need to be called from outside the class use protected sparingly, only when subclass access is necessary