IoT systems use a layered architecture to collect, transmit, and analyze data. From sensors gathering environmental info to cloud platforms processing it, each layer plays a crucial role in creating a functional IoT ecosystem.

Key components include sensors, actuators, and gateways. These work together to monitor surroundings, perform actions, and enable communication between devices and networks. Connectivity and protocols are vital for efficient data exchange and system interoperability.

IoT System Architecture and Components

Layered architecture of IoT systems

• IoT systems consist of several layers that work together to collect, transmit, process, and analyze data:
  • Perception layer (device or sensing layer) includes sensors, actuators, and devices that gather data from the environment (temperature, humidity) or perform actions (turning on lights, unlocking doors)
  • Network layer (communication or transport layer) transmits data between the perception and application layers using various technologies and protocols (Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, Zigbee)
  • Application layer (service or processing layer) analyzes data from the network layer and provides services and interfaces for end-users to interact with the IoT system (mobile apps, web dashboards)
• Additional layers may be present to enhance functionality and management:
  • Middleware layer facilitates communication, data management, and device management between the network and application layers
  • Business layer oversees the entire IoT system, including applications, business models, and user privacy concerns

Components of IoT ecosystems

• Sensors collect data from the environment by converting physical phenomena (temperature, light) into digital signals
• Actuators perform actions or control mechanisms (motors, displays) based on received commands from the IoT system
• IoT devices are embedded systems that combine sensors, actuators, processing units, and communication modules into a single unit (smart thermostats, wearable fitness trackers)
• Gateways bridge the connection between IoT devices and the internet or other networks, enabling data aggregation, protocol translation, and security functions
• Cloud platforms provide scalable storage, processing, and analysis capabilities for IoT data, allowing for remote management and integration with other services

Sensors, actuators, and gateways

• Sensors enable IoT systems to monitor and understand their surroundings by collecting data and providing input for decision-making and automation processes
• Actuators allow IoT systems to interact with and control the physical world by executing commands or actions based on processed data or user input
• Gateways play a crucial role in connecting IoT devices to the internet or other networks, enabling communication and data exchange while performing edge computing to reduce the amount of data transmitted to the cloud and ensuring security through firewalls and data encryption

Connectivity in IoT communication

• Connectivity is essential for IoT systems to function effectively, enabling devices to communicate and exchange data with each other and the cloud, allowing for remote monitoring, control, and management
• Communication protocols ensure interoperability and efficient data transfer between devices from different manufacturers using standardized formats
• Low-power, low-bandwidth protocols (MQTT, CoAP) are optimized for resource-constrained IoT devices, while protocols like Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, and cellular networks provide connectivity options for various use cases and environments
• Selecting the appropriate connectivity and communication protocols depends on factors such as range and coverage requirements, power consumption constraints, data throughput and latency needs, and security and reliability considerations