Political sociology examines the interplay between politics and society. It looks at how social factors shape political processes and how political structures influence social life. This subfield analyzes power distribution, social inequalities, and their impact on political participation.

Unlike political science, political sociology emphasizes the social context of politics. It explores how class, race, and gender affect political attitudes and behavior. Key questions include the role of social movements in political change and the impact of globalization on politics and society.

Defining Political Sociology

Definition of political sociology

• Subfield of sociology studying the relationship between politics and society
• Examines social factors influencing political processes, institutions, and outcomes (elections, policy preferences)
• Investigates political structures and decisions shaping social life (inequality, social movements)
• Focuses on the intersection of political and social spheres
• Analyzes distribution of power and resources within and between societies (class, race, gender)
• Studies social inequalities impacting political participation and representation (voter turnout, political leadership)

Political sociology vs related fields

• Differs from other subfields of sociology by focusing specifically on political dimensions of social life
• Incorporates theories and methods from both sociology and political science (survey research, ethnography)
• Distinct from political science which primarily studies formal political institutions, processes, and behavior (government, elections)
• Emphasizes social context in which politics occurs and how social factors shape political outcomes (public opinion, policy implementation)

Importance of politics-society intersection

• Provides insights into how social structures and inequalities influence political processes and outcomes (campaign finance, lobbying)
• Helps explain variations in political participation, representation, and policy preferences across different social groups (urban vs rural, immigrant communities)
• Can inform efforts to promote social and political change
  • Identifies barriers to political equality and inclusion (voter suppression, gerrymandering)
  • Highlights role of social movements and collective action in shaping political agendas and institutions (civil rights movement, labor unions)

Key questions in political sociology

• How social class, race, gender, and other social identities shape political attitudes, behavior, and representation (partisan polarization, descriptive representation)
• Relationship between the state, civil society, and the market in different political systems (welfare state, neoliberalism)
• How social movements and collective action emerge and influence political change (Arab Spring, Black Lives Matter)
• Social and political consequences of globalization, migration, and transnational flows of people, ideas, and capital (global inequality, diaspora politics)
• How political institutions and processes interact with and respond to social forces and demands (populism, identity politics)