Jainism emerged in ancient India amid social inequality and philosophical skepticism. It challenged Vedic ritualism and the caste system, offering an alternative spiritual path emphasizing non-violence and individual effort. The movement grew alongside urbanization and new social classes.

Key figures like Mahavira and Parsvanatha shaped Jainism's core principles. The philosophy shared concepts with Buddhism and Hinduism but developed unique beliefs, such as the eternal soul and stringent ascetic practices. Jainism's distinct worldview influenced and was influenced by contemporary Indian philosophies.

Historical Context of Jainism

Social conditions for Jainism's emergence

• Vedic ritualism dominated Brahmanical traditions emphasized complex sacrificial rituals (yajna)
• Social stratification enforced rigid caste system led to inequality and discrimination (varna system)
• Philosophical climate fostered skepticism towards traditional beliefs sparked quest for alternative spiritual paths (Upanishadic movement)
• Urbanization and economic changes spurred growth of cities and trade created new merchant and artisan classes (Vaishyas)
• Ascetic movements challenged Vedic orthodoxy through Sramana traditions emphasized individual spiritual effort and renunciation (wandering ascetics)

Key figures in early Jainism

• Mahavira, 24th and last Tirthankara, historically founded Jainism as we know it today lived in 6th century BCE (contemporary of Buddha)
• Parsvanatha, 23rd Tirthankara, preceded Mahavira by about 250 years established four vows of Jainism (non-violence, truthfulness, non-stealing, non-possession)
• Rishabhanatha, first Tirthankara, mythologically founded Jainism symbolizes the beginning of Jain spiritual lineage
• Indrabhuti Gautama, first disciple of Mahavira, spread Jain teachings played crucial role in early Jain community (Sangha)

Jainism in Context

Jainism vs contemporary philosophies

• Shared concepts with Buddhism emphasized non-violence (ahimsa), rejected Vedic authority, believed in karma and rebirth, established monastic traditions
• Differences from Buddhism included Jain belief in eternal soul (jiva), more stringent ascetic practices (extreme fasting)
• Similarities with Hinduism accepted karma and reincarnation, pursued concept of moksha (liberation), used some common terminology (dharma, karma)
• Distinctions from Hinduism rejected caste system, embraced non-theistic philosophy, developed unique cosmology and metaphysics (Jain tattvas)
• Intellectual exchange fostered debates between Jain, Buddhist, and Hindu philosophers mutually influenced ethical and metaphysical concepts (anekantavada)