Exception handling is a crucial skill in programming. In this section, we'll explore different types of exceptions and techniques to handle them effectively. Understanding these concepts will help you write more robust and error-resistant code.

We'll dive into the Exception class hierarchy, learn how to raise exceptions, and master various handling techniques. From basic try-except blocks to advanced features like else and finally clauses, you'll gain the tools to manage errors like a pro.

Exception Types

Exception Class and Hierarchy

• Exception class serves as the base class for all built-in exceptions in Python
• Inherits from BaseException, the root of the exception hierarchy
• Provides attributes like args to store exception arguments
• Exception hierarchy organizes exceptions into categories (syntax errors, runtime errors, etc.)
• Subclasses of Exception include ValueError, TypeError, and IOError
• Custom exceptions can be created by inheriting from Exception or its subclasses
• Inheritance allows for more specific exception handling (catching parent exceptions catches all child exceptions)

Raising Exceptions

• raise statement used to deliberately trigger exceptions in code
• Syntax: raise ExceptionType("Error message")
• Can raise built-in exceptions or custom exceptions
• Allows programmers to signal error conditions or unexpected situations
• Useful for input validation, enforcing constraints, or signaling specific error states
• Can include additional information or context in the exception message
• Raised exceptions propagate up the call stack until caught or program terminates

Exception Handling Techniques

Try-Except Block Structure

• Try block contains code that may raise an exception
• Except block specifies how to handle the exception if it occurs
• Basic syntax:

  try:
      # Code that may raise an exception
  except ExceptionType:
      # Code to handle the exception
  

• Can catch specific exception types or use a generic except to catch all exceptions
• Multiple except blocks allow handling different exception types differently
• Execution continues after the try-except block if an exception is caught

Advanced Exception Handling Features

• Else clause executes if no exception occurs in the try block

  try:
      # Code that may raise an exception
  except ExceptionType:
      # Handle exception
  else:
      # Execute if no exception occurred
  

• Finally clause always executes, regardless of whether an exception occurred

  try:
      # Code that may raise an exception
  except ExceptionType:
      # Handle exception
  finally:
      # Always execute this code
  

• Combining else and finally provides complete control over execution flow
• Handling multiple exceptions in a single except block using parentheses

  except (ExceptionType1, ExceptionType2):
      # Handle multiple exception types
  

• Using as keyword to assign the exception object to a variable for further inspection

  except ExceptionType as e:
      print(f"An error occurred: {e}")
  

Exception Diagnostics

Traceback Analysis

• Traceback provides detailed information about the exception and its origin
• Includes the line number and file where the exception occurred
• Shows the call stack, tracing the sequence of function calls leading to the exception
• Helps in identifying the root cause of the exception
• Can be accessed programmatically using the traceback module
• sys.exc_info() function returns current exception information (type, value, traceback)
• Logging tracebacks helps in debugging and error reporting

Exception Chaining and Context

• Exception chaining links related exceptions together
• raise ... from ... syntax explicitly chains exceptions

  try:
      # Some code
  except SomeException as e:
      raise NewException("Additional info") from e
  

• Implicit chaining occurs when a new exception is raised while handling another
• __cause__ attribute stores the explicitly chained exception
• __context__ attribute stores the implicit exception context
• Chaining preserves the full context of the error, aiding in debugging
• Traceback displays the complete chain of exceptions, showing the original cause