Judaism has evolved into diverse branches, each interpreting tradition differently. Orthodox Judaism adheres strictly to traditional laws, while Conservative and Reform movements allow varying degrees of adaptation to modern life. These branches reflect Judaism's ongoing dialogue with modernity.

Hasidic and Modern Orthodox movements represent different approaches within Orthodox Judaism. Other branches like Reconstructionist and Secular Judaism offer alternative interpretations. This diversity showcases Judaism's ability to evolve while maintaining its core identity and values.

Major Denominations

Orthodox Judaism

• Adheres to traditional interpretations and practices of Jewish law (halakha)
• Believes the Torah was given by God to Moses on Mount Sinai and remains authoritative
• Follows strict dietary laws (kashrut) and observes the Sabbath (Shabbat)
• Men and women sit separately in synagogue and have different religious obligations
• Examples of Orthodox communities include Satmar, Belz, and Lubavitch (Chabad) Hasidic groups

Conservative Judaism

• Developed in the mid-19th century as a response to modernity and the Enlightenment
• Seeks to conserve Jewish tradition while allowing for some adaptations to contemporary life
• Views halakha as binding but subject to historical development and change
• Encourages egalitarian participation of men and women in religious life
• Maintains traditional liturgy and Hebrew in prayer services

Reform Judaism

• Originated in Germany in the early 19th century as a liberal response to the Enlightenment
• Emphasizes ethical monotheism and individual autonomy in interpreting Jewish law
• Rejects the binding nature of halakha and adapts Jewish practices to modern sensibilities
• Introduced innovations such as mixed-gender seating, vernacular prayers, and organ music in services
• Stresses social justice and tikkun olam (repairing the world) as central Jewish values

Reconstructionist Judaism

• Founded by Rabbi Mordecai Kaplan in the early 20th century
• Views Judaism as an evolving religious civilization shaped by the Jewish people
• Reinterprets Jewish theology, liturgy, and practices in light of contemporary knowledge and values
• Embraces gender equality and inclusivity in all aspects of Jewish life
• Encourages individual and communal creativity in expressing Jewish identity and spirituality

Orthodox Movements

Hasidic Judaism

• Originated in 18th-century Eastern Europe as a mystical revival movement
• Emphasizes joy, devotion, and spiritual intensity in religious life
• Led by charismatic rabbis (rebbes) who serve as spiritual guides and intermediaries
• Maintains distinctive dress, customs, and communal structures
• Examples include Satmar, Belz, Bobov, and Skver Hasidic dynasties

Modern Orthodox

• Seeks to integrate traditional Jewish observance with engagement in modern society
• Encourages secular education and participation in professional and civic life
• Maintains strict adherence to halakha while embracing certain modern values and practices
• Includes a range of approaches, from centrist (e.g., Yeshiva University) to more liberal (e.g., Open Orthodoxy)
• Examples of Modern Orthodox organizations include the Orthodox Union (OU) and the Rabbinical Council of America (RCA)

Other Branches

Secular Judaism

• Emphasizes Jewish culture, history, and ethics rather than religious belief and practice
• Views Judaism as a civilization and identity rather than a religion
• May celebrate Jewish holidays and traditions as cultural rather than religious observances
• Includes various forms of Jewish identification, such as cultural, ethnic, and humanistic Judaism
• Examples of secular Jewish organizations include the Congress of Secular Jewish Organizations (CSJO) and the Society for Humanistic Judaism (SHJ)