Fusion and cross-genre experimentation revolutionized music in the late 20th century. Artists blended styles, creating new sounds like jazz-rock fusion and world music. This trend broke down barriers between genres and cultures.

Electronic music and sampling opened up new possibilities for composition. Hip-hop emerged as a powerful cultural force, while contemporary classical pushed boundaries with complex scores and timbral exploration.

Fusion and Crossover Genres

Blending Musical Styles and Cultures

• Fusion combines elements from different musical genres or styles to create a new hybrid sound
  • Often involves blending jazz with rock, funk, or other popular music genres (jazz-rock fusion)
  • Can also refer to the mixing of different cultural or ethnic musical traditions (Afro-Cuban jazz)
• Crossover describes music that appeals to different audience demographics or crosses boundaries between genres
  • Artists or songs that achieve success in multiple music markets or charts (classical crossover, country-pop crossover)
  • Introduces elements of one genre into another to expand the potential audience (operatic vocals in a rock song)
• World music is a broad category that encompasses various traditional, folk, and popular music styles from around the globe
  • Includes music from Africa, Asia, Latin America, and other regions outside the Western mainstream (Tuvan throat singing, Balkan brass bands)
  • Often features distinctive instrumental sounds, rhythms, and vocal techniques specific to different cultures (sitar in Indian classical music, talking drums in West African music)

Jazz Fusion and Third Stream

• Jazz fusion emerged in the late 1960s and combines elements of jazz with rock, funk, R&B, and other genres
  • Incorporates electric instruments, amplified sound, and rock-influenced rhythms (electric guitar, bass, and keyboards)
  • Notable artists include Miles Davis, Weather Report, and Chick Corea (albums like "Bitches Brew" and "Heavy Weather")
• Third stream is a term coined in the 1950s to describe a synthesis of classical music and jazz
  • Aims to bridge the gap between the two genres by incorporating jazz improvisation and rhythms into classical compositions
  • Examples include works by Gunther Schuller, John Lewis, and the Modern Jazz Quartet ("Sketches for String Quartet and Jazz Combo")

Electronic and Sampling-Based Genres

Electronic Music and Synthesis

• Electronic music is created using electronic musical instruments, digital instruments, or circuitry-based music technology
  • Encompasses a wide range of styles, from experimental art music to popular dance genres (electroacoustic music, techno, house)
  • Often features synthesizers, drum machines, and computer-based music production software (Moog synthesizer, Roland TR-808 drum machine)
• Sampling is the technique of using recorded sounds as musical elements in a new composition or recording
  • Involves digitally extracting a portion of an existing recording and repurposing it as a loop, beat, or instrumental layer (sampling a drum break from a funk record)
  • Commonly used in hip-hop, electronic dance music, and experimental genres (DJ Premier's sample-based productions)

Hip-Hop and Rap

• Hip-hop is a cultural movement that originated in the Bronx, New York City, in the 1970s
  • Encompasses four main elements: rapping (MCing), DJing, breakdancing, and graffiti art
  • Often addresses social, political, and economic issues faced by urban communities (themes of poverty, racism, and identity)
• Rapping, or MCing, is the vocal delivery of rhythmic and rhyming lyrics over a beat
  • MCs (rappers) use various techniques, such as flow, wordplay, and storytelling, to convey their message (Nas, Kendrick Lamar)
  • Rap styles have evolved over time, from old-school boom-bap to modern trap and drill (Run-DMC, Migos)

Contemporary Classical Experimentation

New Complexity and Hyper-Detailed Scores

• New complexity is a style of contemporary classical music that emerged in the 1980s
  • Characterized by highly intricate and detailed musical scores that push the boundaries of performability
  • Composers often employ extended techniques, complex rhythms, and dense textures (Brian Ferneyhough, Michael Finnissy)
• New complexity scores are known for their visual intricacy and extreme technical demands on performers
  • Detailed notation may include unconventional symbols, microtonal tunings, and complex layering of parts (Ferneyhough's "Carceri d'Invenzione")
  • Requires virtuosic skill and intense dedication from musicians to accurately realize the composer's vision

Spectral Music and Timbral Exploration

• Spectral music is a compositional approach that focuses on the acoustic properties and timbral characteristics of sound
  • Composers use computer analysis to study the frequency spectrum of sounds and incorporate these insights into their works
  • Emphasizes the manipulation of timbre, overtones, and the inner structure of sounds (Gérard Grisey, Tristan Murail)
• Spectral techniques often involve the use of extended instrumental techniques and unconventional sound sources
  • Composers may explore the subtle nuances of instrumental timbres or create complex textures using computer-generated sounds (Grisey's "Les Espaces Acoustiques")
  • Aims to create immersive and psychoacoustic experiences for the listener by exploiting the rich harmonic content of sounds