Epigenetics involves heritable changes in gene expression without altering DNA. It regulates genes by influencing chromatin structure, making it more or less accessible to transcription factors. Environmental factors like diet and stress can impact epigenetic modifications.

Epigenetic mechanisms include DNA methylation and histone modifications. These processes play crucial roles in cellular development, determining which genes are expressed in different cell types. Epigenetic changes can also be influenced by the environment and sometimes passed down through generations.

Epigenetic Mechanisms and Their Impact on Gene Expression and Inheritance

Definition and role of epigenetics

• Epigenetics involves heritable changes in gene expression without alterations to the DNA sequence
  • Passed down through cell divisions and sometimes across generations (transgenerational epigenetic inheritance)
• Regulates gene expression by influencing chromatin structure and accessibility
  • Chromatin packages DNA within the nucleus
  • Makes chromatin more or less accessible to transcription factors and regulatory proteins (gene activation or silencing)
• Influenced by environmental factors (diet, stress, toxins) and plays a role in cellular differentiation and development

Mechanisms of epigenetic modification

• DNA methylation adds methyl groups to cytosine bases in DNA, typically at CpG dinucleotides
  • Methylation of promoter regions associated with transcriptional repression (gene silencing)
  • Methylation patterns established and maintained by DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs)
• Histone modifications add or remove chemical groups on histone proteins, the main components of chromatin
  • Modifications include acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination
  • Histone acetylation generally associated with active gene expression, deacetylation with repression
  • Histone methylation can be associated with either activation or repression, depending on the specific residue and number of methyl groups added

Environmental influences on epigenetics

• Environmental factors (diet, stress, toxins) can influence epigenetic modifications
  • Maternal nutrition during pregnancy affects epigenetic profile of developing fetus, potentially leading to long-term health consequences
• Epigenetic changes induced by environmental factors contribute to various diseases
  • Aberrant DNA methylation patterns and histone modifications observed in many types of cancer (breast, colon, lung)
  • Also linked to metabolic disorders (diabetes, obesity) and mental health conditions (depression, anxiety)
• Some environmentally-induced epigenetic changes can be transmitted across generations (transgenerational epigenetic inheritance)
  • Observed in both animal models and human populations (Dutch Hunger Winter, Holocaust survivors)

Epigenetics in cellular development

• Epigenetic mechanisms regulate gene expression during cellular differentiation and development
  • Establishes and maintains cell type-specific gene expression patterns as cells differentiate
• DNA methylation and histone modifications create a unique epigenetic landscape for each cell type
  • Determines which genes are expressed and silenced, enabling cells with the same genetic material to develop into different cell types (neurons, muscle cells, skin cells)
• Epigenetic changes during development tightly regulated by developmental signaling pathways and transcription factors
  • Disruptions in epigenetic regulation during development can lead to congenital disorders and developmental abnormalities (Prader-Willi syndrome, Angelman syndrome)