Systems theory and ecological approaches examine how individuals interact with their environments. These perspectives view people as part of interconnected systems, from families to communities to society at large. Understanding these connections helps social workers address issues holistically.

The ecological systems model breaks down environmental influences into layers, from immediate surroundings to broader cultural forces. This framework shows how different levels of a person's environment shape their experiences, development, and well-being over time.

Systems Theory Fundamentals

Core Concepts of Systems Theory

• Systems theory examines how parts of a system interact and influence each other
• Feedback loops involve information flowing back into the system to influence future behavior
  • Positive feedback loops amplify changes in the system
  • Negative feedback loops counteract changes to maintain stability
• Homeostasis refers to a system's tendency to maintain internal stability and balance
  • Systems resist change to preserve equilibrium
  • Involves regulatory mechanisms to keep conditions within acceptable ranges
• Boundaries define the limits of a system and regulate what enters or exits
  • Can be physical, psychological, or social in nature
  • Permeable boundaries allow more exchange with the environment

System Components and Relationships

• Subsystems function as smaller units within the larger system
  • Families may have parental and sibling subsystems
  • Organizations often have departmental subsystems
• Interdependence describes how changes in one part of a system affect other parts
  • Actions of one family member influence the entire family dynamic
  • Economic policies impact multiple sectors of society

Ecological Systems

Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Systems Theory

• Ecological approach views human development as shaped by interactions between individuals and their environments
• Microsystem encompasses an individual's immediate environment and relationships
  • Includes family, peers, school, and neighborhood
  • Direct interactions shape a person's experiences and development
• Mesosystem represents connections between different microsystems
  • Parent-teacher interactions link family and school microsystems
  • Peer relationships at school influence home behavior

Broader Environmental Influences

• Exosystem refers to external settings that indirectly affect the individual
  • A parent's workplace policies impact family life
  • Local government decisions shape community resources
• Macrosystem encompasses cultural values, laws, and societal norms
  • Influences beliefs, customs, and opportunities available to individuals
  • Shapes policies and institutions that affect all other system levels
• Chronosystem represents changes over time in the person and environment
  • Historical events (economic recessions, technological advances)
  • Life transitions (marriage, retirement) alter an individual's context