The Trojan War, a legendary conflict between Greeks and Trojans, is central to ancient Greek mythology. It began with Paris abducting Helen, sparking a massive Greek retaliation led by Agamemnon. This war forms the backdrop for Homer's epic poem, the Iliad.

While the war's historicity is debated, archaeological evidence suggests a real conflict in the Late Bronze Age. Troy, located in modern Turkey, was a prosperous city controlling important trade routes. The story's oral transmission by bards shaped the epic tradition.

The Trojan War Myth

The abduction of Helen

• Helen of Troy, considered the most beautiful woman in the world, was abducted by Paris, a Trojan prince
• Helen was married to Menelaus, king of Sparta, at the time of her abduction
• Paris had been promised Helen by Aphrodite as a reward for choosing her as the fairest goddess in a divine contest

The Greek response

• Menelaus, enraged by the abduction of his wife, sought the help of his brother Agamemnon, king of Mycenae
• Agamemnon rallied the Greek kings and heroes to wage war against Troy and retrieve Helen
• The Greeks assembled a massive fleet and army, including legendary figures such as Achilles, Odysseus, and Ajax, to sail to Troy and besiege the city

Historical Context

Mycenaean civilization

• The Trojan War is believed to have taken place during the Late Bronze Age, around the 12th or 13th century BCE
• Mycenaean Greece was a powerful civilization that flourished during this period, characterized by fortified cities, sophisticated art and architecture, and a hierarchical society
• The Mycenaeans engaged in trade, warfare, and cultural exchange with other civilizations in the Aegean and Eastern Mediterranean regions

The city of Troy

• Historical Troy, also known as Ilion, was an ancient city located in modern-day Turkey, near the Dardanelles strait
• Archaeological evidence suggests that Troy was a prosperous and well-fortified city during the Bronze Age, with a strategic location that allowed it to control trade routes between the Aegean and Black Seas
• The city was destroyed and rebuilt several times throughout its history, with evidence of violent destruction around the time of the supposed Trojan War

Archaeological discoveries

• In the late 19th century, German archaeologist Heinrich Schliemann conducted extensive excavations at the site of Hisarlik in Turkey, which he believed to be the location of ancient Troy
• Schliemann's excavations uncovered a series of cities built on top of each other, with evidence of destruction and rebuilding
• While Schliemann's methods were controversial and his interpretations sometimes questionable, his work sparked renewed interest in the Trojan War and its historical basis

Epic Tradition

Oral composition and transmission

• The story of the Trojan War was originally part of an oral tradition, passed down through generations of bards and storytellers
• In ancient Greece, epic poetry was composed and performed orally, often accompanied by music and recitation
• The Iliad and the Odyssey, the two major epic poems attributed to Homer, were likely the product of a long tradition of oral composition and transmission, with multiple poets contributing to and refining the stories over time

The role of the bard

• In Mycenaean and Archaic Greece, bards played a crucial role in preserving and disseminating cultural knowledge, history, and mythology
• Bards were highly skilled performers who used a combination of memorization, improvisation, and formulaic language to compose and recite epic poetry
• The bards' performances served not only as entertainment but also as a means of educating audiences about their shared history, values, and identity