Documentary filmmaking has evolved through the work of influential directors who shaped the genre. From early pioneers like Robert Flaherty to modern auteurs like Werner Herzog, these filmmakers developed unique styles and approaches to capturing reality.

This section profiles key figures in documentary history, exploring their techniques, themes, and impact. It highlights how documentarians have used film to investigate social issues, challenge narratives, and inspire change, shaping our understanding of the world through their lens.

Pioneering Documentarians

Early Documentary Filmmaking Techniques

• Robert Flaherty developed early techniques in documentary filmmaking with works like Nanook of the North (1922) which blended staged scenes with real-life footage to create a narrative structure
• Flaherty's films often focused on individuals living in remote or exotic locations (Samoa, Louisiana bayous) and aimed to capture their daily lives and struggles
• Dziga Vertov was a Soviet filmmaker who pioneered the use of montage editing and the "kino-eye" theory which held that the camera could capture a deeper truth than the human eye
• Vertov's Man with a Movie Camera (1929) is a groundbreaking work that uses a variety of experimental techniques (split screens, double exposure, fast motion) to create a portrait of urban life in the Soviet Union

Establishing the Documentary Genre

• John Grierson was a Scottish filmmaker who coined the term "documentary" and helped establish it as a distinct genre in the 1930s
• Grierson believed that documentaries should serve a social purpose and address issues of public concern (poverty, working conditions)
• He founded the British Documentary Film Movement which produced influential works like Night Mail (1936) that used voice-over narration and dramatic reenactments to tell stories about ordinary people
• Grierson's definition of documentary as the "creative treatment of actuality" emphasized the role of the filmmaker in shaping and interpreting reality rather than simply recording it

Observational and Investigative Filmmakers

Direct Cinema and Cinéma Vérité

• Frederick Wiseman is known for his observational style of filmmaking which aims to capture reality as it unfolds without intervention or commentary
• Wiseman's films often focus on institutions (schools, hospitals, government agencies) and explore how they function and impact the lives of individuals
• His landmark film Titicut Follies (1967) exposed the mistreatment of patients at a mental hospital and sparked a debate about the ethics of documentary filmmaking
• Other notable Wiseman films include High School (1968), Welfare (1975), and National Gallery (2014) which offer in-depth portraits of various social systems and institutions

Investigative Documentaries and Advocacy Filmmaking

• Errol Morris is known for his use of stylized reenactments and interviews to investigate complex stories and challenge official narratives
• His film The Thin Blue Line (1988) helped overturn the conviction of a man wrongfully accused of murder and established Morris as a leading figure in investigative documentary filmmaking
• Laura Poitras is a filmmaker and journalist who has focused on issues of national security, surveillance, and human rights
• Her film Citizenfour (2014) documented the story of NSA whistleblower Edward Snowden and won the Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature
• Poitras' other notable works include My Country, My Country (2006) about the Iraq War and Risk (2016) about WikiLeaks founder Julian Assange

Auteurs and Essayists

Personal and Philosophical Approaches to Documentary

• Werner Herzog is known for his distinctive voice-over narration and his exploration of themes like the relationship between humans and nature, the search for truth, and the nature of reality itself
• Herzog's films often blur the line between fact and fiction and incorporate elements of performance and stagecraft (Grizzly Man, Cave of Forgotten Dreams)
• Agnes Varda was a French filmmaker who pioneered the essay film format which combines personal reflection with social commentary and artistic experimentation
• Varda's films often focus on marginalized individuals and communities (The Gleaners and I, Vagabond) and use a playful, poetic style to explore issues of memory, aging, and female identity

Political and Social Commentary in Documentary Film

• Michael Moore is known for his politically charged, satirical documentaries that take aim at various social and economic issues in the United States
• Moore's breakthrough film Roger & Me (1989) critiqued the impact of corporate downsizing on his hometown of Flint, Michigan and established his confrontational style of filmmaking
• Other notable Moore films include Bowling for Columbine (2002) about gun violence, Fahrenheit 9/11 (2004) about the Bush administration's response to 9/11, and Sicko (2007) about the American healthcare system
• Ava DuVernay is a filmmaker who has focused on issues of race, justice, and inequality in America
• Her film 13th (2016) explores the connection between race, the criminal justice system, and mass incarceration in the United States
• DuVernay's other notable works include Selma (2014) about the 1965 Selma to Montgomery voting rights marches and When They See Us (2019) about the Central Park Five case

Defining Characteristics

Stylistic Signatures and Artistic Approaches

• Documentary filmmakers often develop distinctive visual styles and storytelling techniques that set their work apart and reflect their unique perspectives on the world
• Stylistic signatures can include the use of particular camera angles or movements, editing techniques (montage, split-screen), or sound design (voice-over narration, music)
• For example, Errol Morris is known for his use of the Interrotron, a device that allows interview subjects to make eye contact with the camera while speaking to the filmmaker, creating a more intimate and confrontational style of interviewing
• Other filmmakers like Werner Herzog and Agnes Varda are known for their poetic, philosophical voice-over narration that reflects on the deeper meanings and implications of the stories they are telling

Ethical Considerations and Responsibilities

• Documentary filmmakers often grapple with complex ethical questions about their responsibilities to their subjects, their audiences, and the truth itself
• Ethical approaches can vary widely depending on the filmmaker's goals and values, ranging from a strictly observational, non-interventionist stance to a more activist, advocacy-driven approach
• Frederick Wiseman, for example, is known for his commitment to capturing reality as it unfolds without any staging or manipulation, while Michael Moore is known for his more confrontational, politically charged style that often involves ambush interviews and satirical stunts
• Other ethical considerations can include issues of informed consent, privacy, and the potential impact of the film on its subjects and the wider society

Thematic Focus and Social Impact

• Many documentary filmmakers are drawn to particular themes or issues that they explore throughout their careers, using their films as a means of raising awareness, sparking dialogue, and advocating for change
• Thematic focus can range from broad social and political issues (poverty, war, human rights) to more personal and philosophical questions (identity, memory, the nature of reality)
• Ava DuVernay, for example, has focused much of her work on issues of race, justice, and inequality in America, using her films to challenge dominant narratives and give voice to marginalized communities
• Other filmmakers like Laura Poitras have focused on issues of national security, surveillance, and government transparency, using their films to expose abuses of power and champion the rights of whistleblowers and activists
• Ultimately, many documentary filmmakers see their work as a means of not just documenting reality, but also shaping it by raising awareness, changing minds, and inspiring action on important social and political issues