Human development is a journey from conception to death, marked by distinct stages. Each stage brings unique challenges and growth opportunities, shaping our physical, cognitive, and social-emotional abilities as we progress through life.

The life-span perspective views development as an ongoing process influenced by various factors. It emphasizes the interconnectedness of different life stages and recognizes that our experiences and environment shape our growth throughout our entire lives.

Stages of Development

Prenatal Development and Infancy

• Prenatal development occurs from conception to birth
  • Includes germinal stage (first 2 weeks after conception), embryonic stage (2-8 weeks after conception), and fetal stage (2 months after conception to birth)
  • Critical period for healthy development, as the fetus is vulnerable to environmental influences (teratogens, maternal nutrition)
• Infancy spans from birth to approximately 2 years old
  • Rapid physical growth and development of motor skills (crawling, walking)
  • Development of attachment to primary caregivers
  • Emergence of language and communication skills (babbling, first words)

Childhood Stages

• Early childhood ranges from 2 to 6 years old
  • Development of self-concept and social skills through play and interaction with peers
  • Acquisition of basic cognitive skills (counting, identifying colors and shapes)
  • Emergence of theory of mind, understanding that others have different thoughts and beliefs
• Middle childhood spans from 6 to 11 years old
  • Refinement of cognitive abilities and development of logical thinking
  • Increased importance of peer relationships and friendships
  • Development of self-esteem and sense of competence in various domains (academics, sports)

Adolescence and Early Adulthood

• Adolescence occurs from approximately 11 to 18 years old
  • Puberty and sexual maturation lead to physical and hormonal changes
  • Development of abstract thinking and moral reasoning
  • Formation of identity and increased autonomy from parents
• Early adulthood spans from 18 to 40 years old
  • Establishment of intimate relationships and potentially starting a family
  • Pursuit of educational and career goals
  • Continued development of identity and personal values

Middle and Late Adulthood

• Middle adulthood ranges from 40 to 65 years old
  • Potential challenges include midlife crisis, empty nest syndrome, and caring for aging parents
  • Continued personal and professional development, potentially reaching career peak
  • Physical changes such as menopause and decreased fertility
• Late adulthood begins at approximately 65 years old
  • Retirement and adjustment to new social roles and activities
  • Potential cognitive decline and increased risk of chronic health conditions (Alzheimer's disease, arthritis)
  • Reflection on life experiences and legacy, coming to terms with mortality

Life-Span Perspective

Developmental Tasks and Plasticity

• Life-span perspective views development as a lifelong process that occurs in multiple domains (physical, cognitive, social-emotional)
  • Emphasizes the interconnectedness of different stages and the cumulative nature of development
  • Recognizes that development is influenced by historical and cultural context
• Developmental tasks are age-related expectations and challenges that individuals face at different stages of life
  • Infancy: forming attachment to caregivers
  • Adolescence: establishing autonomy and forming identity
  • Late adulthood: adjusting to retirement and potential health declines
• Plasticity refers to the brain's ability to change and adapt in response to experience throughout the lifespan
  • Although plasticity is greatest in childhood, the brain maintains some degree of plasticity in adulthood
  • Engaging in mentally stimulating activities and maintaining social connections can promote cognitive plasticity in older adulthood