Transfer pricing is a crucial aspect of cost accounting, impacting how companies allocate resources and evaluate performance. It involves setting prices for goods and services exchanged between divisions within the same organization.

Various methods exist for determining transfer prices, including cost-based, market-based, and negotiated approaches. Each method has unique implications for organizational performance, profitability, and goal alignment, making the selection process critical for effective management.

Transfer Pricing Methods

Types of transfer pricing methods

• Cost-based methods utilize internal cost data to establish transfer prices incorporating full cost, variable cost, and cost-plus approaches
• Market-based methods reference external competitive prices for comparable products or services
• Negotiated methods involve internal bargaining between divisions' managers to agree on transfer prices

Calculation of transfer prices

• Cost-plus method calculates transfer price by adding markup percentage to total cost $TP = TC + (TC × Markup%)$
• Variable cost method sets transfer price equal to variable cost excluding fixed costs $TP = VC$
• Dual pricing method uses market price for selling division and cost-based price for buying division, company absorbs difference $Absorption = MP - CBP$

Impact on organizational performance

• Cost-based methods may lead to suboptimal decisions and interdivisional conflicts
• Market-based methods encourage divisional competitiveness and potentially improve overall company performance
• Negotiated methods can align divisional goals with company objectives but may result in time-consuming negotiations
• Methods affect profitability, goal congruence, performance metrics (ROI, RI, EVA) and behavioral implications

Selection of appropriate methods

• Consider company strategy, divisional autonomy, nature of transferred product/service, and external market existence
• Align with performance evaluation systems
• Account for tax implications in multinational companies
• Ensure regulatory compliance
• Analyze profitability impact on divisional and company-wide operating income
• Evaluate goal congruence between divisional and corporate objectives
• Assess effects on divisional manager motivation and interdivisional cooperation