With your own family you usually don’t use full keigo—Japanese families prefer casual/plain speech (ため口) to keep harmony (和) and closeness. That said: - Close family (parents, siblings, children): use plain forms (～る／～た／～ない) and first-name or kinship terms. - Elders or to show formal respect (年長者への敬意): you might use 丁寧語 (です／ます) or gentle honorifics if the situation calls for it (e.g., talking about grandparents in public). - In-laws or formal family events (お正月、お盆): lean more polite—use 丁寧語 and some 尊敬語 when meeting elders or guests. - Humble language (謙譲語) is rarely used within family unless you’re in a formal context (e.g., introducing a family member at a ceremony). On the AP exam, consistent, situation-appropriate register matters for free-response scoring. For more examples and practice tied to Topic 1.2, check the study guide (https://library.fiveable.me/ap-japanese-language-and-culture/unit-1/family-values-japan/study-guide/UH2OidClOY4JtkjdJG3e) and 1000+ practice items (https://library.fiveable.me/practice/ap-japanese-language-and-culture).

家族 (かぞく) vs 家庭 (かてい): short answer—家族 means the people (family members); 家庭 means the household or home environment, including relationships, roles, and daily life. Details: 家族 = 個々の人たち（父、母、子、祖父母など）。血縁や親しい関係を強調するときに使う（例：家族と旅行する）。家庭 = 家の中の生活や雰囲気、役割、しつけ、伝統などを指す（例：家庭の価値観、家庭料理）。CEDのトピック1.2で出てくる「家庭 (katei)—household/home」語彙は、伝統、世代間の期待、敬語や親孝行のような家の内側の価値観を説明するときに重要です。 For the AP exam: when you do Free-Response Q4 (cultural perspective), use 家族 to name members and 家庭 when discussing values, rituals, or 日常の習慣—that shows precise vocabulary. For review, see the Topic 1.2 study guide (https://library.fiveable.me/ap-japanese-language-and-culture/unit-1/family-values-japan/study-guide/UH2OidClOY4JtkjdJG3e) and practice problems (https://library.fiveable.me/practice/ap-japanese-language-and-culture).

With grandparents you usually start formal and switch to less formal depending on family norms. Use polite speech (ていねい語／ます・です) by default to show 年長者への敬意—e.g.,「お元気ですか？」. Keigo (敬語) and humble forms are rare with close family, but respectful language is common at visits, holidays (お正月, お盆), or when discussing serious topics. If your grandparents invite you to use casual speech (ため口／普通形), you can move to informal (友だち形)—e.g.,「元気？」— but always follow their lead to maintain 和 and avoid causing embarrassment (tatemae–honne). In caregiving or formal situations (funerals, official paperwork) keep polite/honorific forms. On the AP exam, consistent use of register appropriate to the interlocutor is scored (free-response: register matters), so practice switching between polite and casual appropriately. For more examples and cultural notes in Topic 1.2, see the Fiveable study guide (https://library.fiveable.me/ap-japanese-language-and-culture/unit-1/family-values-japan/study-guide/UH2OidClOY4JtkjdJG3e) and try practice problems (https://library.fiveable.me/practice/ap-japanese-language-and-culture).

Osechi-ryōri is the special set of New Year foods Japanese families eat during oshōgatsu. Typically packed in layered lacquer boxes called jubako, each item has a symbolic meaning (e.g., kuromame—health/work ethic, kazunoko—fertility/continuity, kobumaki—happiness through “kobu/yorokobu”), so the meal expresses wishes for the year and transmits family values across generations. Because many dishes are prepared to keep well, families often make or buy them before Jan 1 so they can rest and do hatsumōde together. Osechi highlights respect for elders, family loyalty, and maintaining tradition—perfect examples to discuss in the Cultural Perspective Presentation (Free-Response Q4) on the exam. For AP review, see the Topic 1.2 study guide (https://library.fiveable.me/ap-japanese-language-and-culture/unit-1/family-values-japan/study-guide/UH2OidClOY4JtkjdJG3e), the unit overview (https://library.fiveable.me/ap-japanese-language-and-culture/unit-1), and practice questions (https://library.fiveable.me/practice/ap-japanese-language-and-culture) to practice explaining cultural significance in Japanese.

Short answer: plain past = いらっしゃった, polite past = いらっしゃいました. Quick notes to help you use them correctly: - いらっしゃる is an honorific (尊敬語) often used for 行く／来る／いる. Plain non-past → いらっしゃる. Plain past → いらっしゃった. Polite non-past → いらっしゃいます. Polite past → いらっしゃいました. - Negative: plain past negative → いらっしゃらなかった. Polite past negative → いらっしゃいませんでした. - Use these in contexts showing respect to elders or family members (年長者への敬意), e.g., 母はもう帰られました／母はいらっしゃいました (both polite; choose based on nuance). - On the AP exam, match register to task: interpersonal/text chat and conversation require appropriate 敬語 when the situation calls for it (see Unit 1 study guide: https://library.fiveable.me/ap-japanese-language-and-culture/unit-1/family-values-japan/study-guide/UH2OidClOY4JtkjdJG3e). Practice these forms in sample prompts and with the 1000+ practice problems (https://library.fiveable.me/practice/ap-japanese-language-and-culture).

For a family traditions essay, use clear transitional phrases (in Japanese + English) to organize ideas and meet the AP rubric’s requirement for cohesive devices. Useful starters: - 序論／結論 (Intro/Conclusion) - まず／まず第一に—First, firstly - 最初に—To begin with - 結論として／最後に—In conclusion / Finally - 比較・対比 (Compare/Contrast) - 一方で／反対に—On the other hand / In contrast - 同様に／同じように—Similarly / Likewise - 〜に比べて—Compared to ~ - 例示・説明 (Examples/Explanation) - 例えば／例をあげると—For example - つまり／要するに—In other words / In short - なぜなら／その理由は〜だからだ—Because / The reason is ~ - 順接・展開 (Flow) - さらに／加えて—Furthermore / In addition - また／さらに言えば—Also / Moreover - しかしながら／それにもかかわらず—However / Nevertheless AP tip: Q2 (Compare & Contrast) and Q4 (Cultural Perspective) expect organized progression with these kinds of transitions. For more topic-specific vocabulary and practice, check the Topic 1.2 study guide (https://library.fiveable.me/ap-japanese-language-and-culture/unit-1/family-values-japan/study-guide/UH2OidClOY4JtkjdJG3e) and Unit 1 resources (https://library.fiveable.me/ap-japanese-language-and-culture/unit-1). For extra drills, try the practice problems (https://library.fiveable.me/practice/ap-japanese-language-and-culture).

簡単に区別すると、祭り（まつり）は地域や季節を祝う「お祝い・行事」で、にぎやかで参加型。例：夏の盆踊りや各地の神社の例大祭、鯉のぼりが出るこどもの日のイベント。宗教的な要素があっても、屋台・踊り・音楽など娯楽の色が強いことが多いです。一方、儀式（ぎしき）は形式や手順が決まった「正式な行為」で、より厳粛・象徴的。例：成人式（成人の日）、結婚式、葬儀、神前での祝詞など。家族の価値観や世代をつなぐ伝統（先祖供養のお盆の墓参りは儀式的かなり要素もある）も儀式に含まれます。 APの文化プレゼン（Q4）や比較記事で使うときは、この違いを具体例（お正月＝初詣は祭り的側面＋儀式的側面）で示すと点が取れます。詳しくはTopic 1.2の学習ガイドを確認してね（https://library.fiveable.me/ap-japanese-language-and-culture/unit-1/family-values-japan/study-guide/UH2OidClOY4JtkjdJG3e）。練習問題はここ（https://library.fiveable.me/practice/ap-japanese-language-and-culture）でたくさん！

Short version: は marks the topic/background; が marks the subject/new or specific information. For family sentences: - Use は when you’re talking about someone as the topic or giving general info: 私は妹の学校について話します。母は厳しいです。（topic, general characteristic） - Use が when you introduce or identify someone, or answer “who/what”: 誰が来ますか？→ 父が来ます。／これは私の兄が撮った写真です。（new info or focus） - Use の for possession/relationship: 彼は私の兄です。(He is my older brother.) If you shift focus to “who is the brother?” you’d say 誰があなたの兄ですか？→ 彼が私の兄です。 Contrast: 母は料理が上手だが、父は掃除が上手だ。（は contrasts topics; が can mark the skill-holder within the clause.) On the AP exam, accuracy with particles affects grammar/syntax scoring (Questions 1–4). Practice these patterns with family-topic prompts in the Unit 1 study guide (https://library.fiveable.me/ap-japanese-language-and-culture/unit-1/family-values-japan/study-guide/UH2OidClOY4JtkjdJG3e) and try problems at (https://library.fiveable.me/practice/ap-japanese-language-and-culture).

Obon（お盆）は先祖（祖先）を敬う夏の伝統行事で、家族の再会・先祖供養・世代間のつながりを強める役割がある。多くの家族が帰省（家族 reunions）、お墓参り（grave visits）、迎え火・送り火、提灯（lanterns）、盆踊り（Bon Odori）を行い、「親孝行」や「和（わ）」といった価値観が表れる。文化的意義は、家族への忠誠（家族への忠誠）、年長者への敬意、世代を超えた伝統の伝承にある。 短い日本語の説明例： 「お盆は先祖の霊を迎え、供養する日本の伝統祭です。家族が集まりお墓参りをしたり、盆踊りや提灯で先祖を送ります。世代間のつながりや敬意を大切にする行事です。」 試験で使うなら、Free-responseの文化プレゼン（Question 4）でお盆を取り上げ、具体例（迎え火・墓参り・盆踊り）と自分の見解を含めると高評価を狙えます。詳しくはトピック1.2の学習ガイド（https://library.fiveable.me/ap-japanese-language-and-culture/unit-1/family-values-japan/study-guide/UH2OidClOY4JtkjdJG3e）を見てね。

書き方のコツ（文法＋表現）を具体的にまとめるね。 - 比較の基本：〜に比べて／〜より（も）／〜ほど…ない（例：親の世代に比べて、若い世代は結婚する人が少ない）。 - 対比を示す接続：一方で／その反面／しかし（伝統 vs. 現代の価値観を対比）。 - 傾向を言う表現：〜傾向がある／〜ことが多い／〜ことが少ない（例：祖父母は家族忠誠を重視する傾向がある）。 - 一般化・推測：〜と思われる／〜と言われている／〜かもしれない（根拠が弱いとき）。 - 具体例つなぎ：例えば／例えば〜ように／〜など（伝統行事や敬語使用の例を挙げる）。 - 敬語・語彙に注意：年長者への敬意（年長者への敬意、敬語）や世代（世代、世代間ギャップ）などCEDの語彙を使うと評価UP。 試験では「比較・対照記事（300–400字）」や文化プレゼン（Q4）でこれらを使って3点以上を比較・理由説明すると良いよ。詳しくはTopic 1.2の学習ガイド（https://library.fiveable.me/ap-japanese-language-and-culture/unit-1/family-values-japan/study-guide/UH2OidClOY4JtkjdJG3e）と練習問題（https://library.fiveable.me/practice/ap-japanese-language-and-culture）を参照して練習してみて。

Use 親孝行する (or 親孝行をする). 親孝行 is a noun meaning “filial piety/doing good for one’s parents,” so you normally say 親孝行する／親孝行をする to express doing those actions. Example: 毎年お正月に実家に帰って親孝行している。If you want to say “become filial,” don’t use 親孝行になる by itself—say 親孝行するようになる: 子どもが大人になって親孝行するようになった。You can also use 親孝行だ (stative/comment): 彼は親孝行だ。For AP prompts about family obligations and respect for elders (年長者への敬意, 親孝行), prefer 親孝行をする or 親孝行する in writing/speaking; to show change use ～ようになる. For more practice on Topic 1.2, check the Unit 1 study guide (https://library.fiveable.me/ap-japanese-language-and-culture/unit-1/family-values-japan/study-guide/UH2OidClOY4JtkjdJG3e) and hundreds of practice problems (https://library.fiveable.me/practice/ap-japanese-language-and-culture).

Here are natural Japanese phrases you can use to describe family harmony (和). Short phrase + meaning + register note: - 家族の和を大切にする (かぞくのわをたいせつにする)—“to value family harmony.” Neutral, good for essays/presentations. - 家庭内の雰囲気が穏やかだ (かていないのふんいきがおだやかだ)—“the atmosphere at home is calm.” Descriptive, everyday. - 親子の関係が良好だ (おやこのかんけいがりょうこうだ)—“parent–child relationship is good.” Useful for compare/contrast or cultural perspective (Q4). - 争いを避ける傾向がある (あらそいをさけるけいこうがある)—“there’s a tendency to avoid conflict.” Ties to wa and tatemae–honne. - 世代間のつながりを重んじる (せだいかんのつながりをおもんじる)—“to value intergenerational bonds.” Good for discussing伝統 and 祖先. - お互いに気を配る文化がある (おたがいにきをくばるぶんかがある)—“there’s a culture of being considerate toward each other.” Natural phrasing. - 親孝行を大事にする (おやこうこうをだいじにする)—“to hold filial piety in high regard.” Links to 親孝行 in CED vocab. Use these in your Free-Response presentation (Q4) and conversations (Q3) to show cultural vocabulary (和, 親孝行, 世代) and tie to traditions like お正月 or お盆. For more example sentences and practice, see the Topic 1.2 study guide (https://library.fiveable.me/ap-japanese-language-and-culture/unit-1/family-values-japan/study-guide/UH2OidClOY4JtkjdJG3e), the Unit 1 overview (https://library.fiveable.me/ap-japanese-language-and-culture/unit-1), and 1000+ practice problems (https://library.fiveable.me/practice/ap-japanese-language-and-culture).

Kids usually don’t use full keigo with parents the way adults do, but they still show respect through words and tone. With parents: children often speak in plain form (ため口) at home—short verbs, nicknames, casual requests—but still use polite forms (です/ます) when speaking formally or to show deference. With grandparents: kids tend to be more polite—using polite/neutral forms, honorifics for grandparents’ actions (e.g., 召し上がる、いらっしゃる) or respectful titles (おじいちゃん／おばあちゃん or 祖父／祖母). Non-verbal respect (bowing, softer tone, indirectness) and family obligations (親孝行、年長者への敬意) matter a lot. For the AP exam, register matters—use appropriate levels of 敬語 and show cultural understanding in Free-Response and Conversation tasks. Want examples and practice prompts on this topic? Check the Topic 1.2 study guide (https://library.fiveable.me/ap-japanese-language-and-culture/unit-1/family-values-japan/study-guide/UH2OidClOY4JtkjdJG3e) and try 1000+ practice items (https://library.fiveable.me/practice/ap-japanese-language-and-culture).

To say “if families maintain traditions,” use one of these common Japanese conditionals with examples: - 〜れば (provisional): 家族が伝統を守れば、世代に伝わるでしょう。(If families maintain traditions, they will be passed to the next generation.)—formal, good for presentations. - 〜たら (temporal/conditional): 家族が伝統を守ったら、祭りに行きます。(If/when families keep traditions, we’ll go to the festival.)—conversational, great for text chat. - 〜と (general consequence): 家族が伝統を守ると、地域のつながりが強くなる。(If families maintain traditions, community ties strengthen.)—states an inevitable result. - 〜なら (topic conditional): 家族が伝統を守るなら、若い世代に教えるべきだ。(If families do keep traditions, they should teach younger generations.) Use polite forms (守ります → 守れば/守ったら) for formal tasks. On the AP exam, vary these structures to show grammatical range in free-response/presentation (CED expects varied grammar). For topic review see the study guide (https://library.fiveable.me/ap-japanese-language-and-culture/unit-1/family-values-japan/study-guide/UH2OidClOY4JtkjdJG3e) and practice questions (https://library.fiveable.me/practice/ap-japanese-language-and-culture).

短く言うと：伝統（でんとう）は長い歴史や文化的な意味を持つ「伝承されてきた習いごと・行事」、習慣（しゅうかん）は日常的な「くせ・慣れ（habit）」やその社会的慣行です。例：お正月の儀式（おせち、初詣）は伝統。毎朝お茶を飲むことや靴を脱ぐことは習慣。伝統は世代を超えて保存・尊重される（祖先や儀式、祭り）、習慣は個人や地域、時代で変わりやすい（生活のやり方、マナー）。学ぶときは「formal/cultural = 伝統」「everyday/custom = 習慣」を基準に使ってみてください。APの発表問題（Q4：Cultural perspective presentation）や比較記事（Q2）では、伝統と習慣の違いを挙げて世代間の伝承や変化を説明すると高評価です。詳しい例は五ableのトピック1.2スタディガイド（https://library.fiveable.me/ap-japanese-language-and-culture/unit-1/family-values-japan/study-guide/UH2OidClOY4JtkjdJG3e）やユニットページ（https://library.fiveable.me/ap-japanese-language-and-culture/unit-1）、練習問題は（https://library.fiveable.me/practice/ap-japanese-language-and-culture）。