Introduction to Economic and Housing Challenges Facing China
This guide will provide a comprehensive and informative look at economic growth and challenges in China, as well as housing and real estate in the country.
China has experienced rapid economic growth over the past few decades, transforming into a major global economic power. However, this growth has not been without challenges. In this guide, we will explore the factors that have contributed to China's economic growth, as well as the challenges and obstacles the country has faced along the way.
In addition to discussing China's economic growth, we will also delve into the country's housing and real estate market. China's real estate sector has played a significant role in the country's economic development and has faced a number of challenges in recent years, including a slowing market, increasing regulatory scrutiny, and the economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic.
China’s Economy
Economic Growth in China
China has experienced rapid economic growth in recent decades, with its gross domestic product (GDP) increasing at an annual rate of around 10% between 1978 and 2010. This growth has been driven by a combination of factors, including:
- Industrialization: China has undergone a process of industrialization, with a significant portion of its economy shifting from agriculture to manufacturing and other sectors. China has become a major global manufacturer, exporting a wide range of goods to countries around the world.
- Urbanization: China has also experienced a significant process of urbanization, with a large portion of its population moving from rural areas to urban centers. This has been driven by economic opportunities, as well as government policies aimed at promoting urbanization.
- Economic reforms: China has made changes to economic policies and institutions to improve efficiency and effectiveness, including market-based pricing, privatization of state-owned enterprises, and opening up to foreign trade and investment
- Increased trade: Exchange of goods and services between countries means that China can access a wider range of products and technologies, leading to economic growth
- Foreign investment: Foreign investment brought capital, technology, and expertise to China, increasing productivity and competitiveness and contributing to economic growth.
China’s Economic Challenges
China is facing a number of economic challenges, including:
- Slowdown in economic growth: China's economic growth has slowed in recent years, with GDP growth rates declining from double digits in the past to around 6% in recent years. This slowdown has been driven by a variety of factors, including declining exports, slowing investment, and declining productivity.
- Aging population: China has an aging population, with a declining number of young people entering the workforce. This trend could lead to labor shortages and slow economic growth in the future.
- Rising debt levels: China's debt levels have risen significantly in recent years, with both government and corporate debt increasing. This could pose a risk to the country's financial stability and economic growth.
- Environmental challenges: China's rapid economic growth has led to significant environmental challenges, including air and water pollution, deforestation, and soil degradation. Addressing these issues will require significant investments and could present a challenge to the country's economic growth.
- Trade tensions: China has been involved in trade tensions with the United States and other countries in recent years, which could lead to increased tariffs and other trade barriers that could negatively impact the country's exports and economic growth.
- Income inequality: China's rapid economic growth has contributed to increasing income inequality, with some people benefiting more than others from the country's development. Reducing income inequality could be a challenge for the government and could have implications for social stability.
Housing and Real Estate in China
China has invested heavily in real estate and housing development, which has led to exponential economic growth and a housing bubble over the past 20 years. Some of the factors that have been cited as contributing to a potential housing bubble in China include:
- Rapid economic growth: China's rapid economic growth over the past few decades has led to increased demand for housing, which has driven up prices in some areas.
- Urbanization: China's process of urbanization has also led to increased demand for housing, as more people have moved from rural areas to urban centers.
- Limited supply: The supply of housing in some areas of China may not have kept pace with demand, which has contributed to rising prices.
- Easy credit: The availability of easy credit has also played a role in the housing market in China, as some people have been able to borrow large sums of money to buy property, which has contributed to rising prices.
- Speculation: There has also been speculation in the housing market in China, with some people buying property as an investment rather than as a place to live. This speculation has contributed to rising prices in some areas. However, this overdevelopment of real estate may also have led to problems such as “ghost cities”. Ghost cities or towns in China are large urban areas that have been built up with infrastructure, high-rise buildings, and other development, but are largely uninhabited. These empty cities have been the subject of media attention and have sometimes been cited as an example of overbuilding and a potential real estate bubble in China.
There are several factors that have contributed to the development of so-called "ghost cities" in China:
- Anticipation of future population growth: Some of the so-called "ghost cities" in China may have been built in anticipation of future population growth. In these cases, developers and local governments may have constructed housing and other infrastructure in advance of an expected increase in demand. This can occur if there are predictions of population growth in a particular area, or if there is a perceived need for additional housing or urban amenities to support a growing population. However, economic conditions that affect demand for housing, changes in government policies or other external factors that affect the attractiveness of a particular region may impact the population growth in that region.
- Plans to relocate people from rural areas: Government-led urbanization initiatives have played a role in the development of some of the so-called "ghost cities" in China. In these cases, the goal may be to reduce poverty and promote economic development by encouraging people to move from more isolated or less developed areas to urban centers with more opportunities. These initiatives may involve the construction of housing and other urban amenities, as well as the development of infrastructure such as roads, railways, and airports. However, this approach can sometimes lead to the development of urban areas that are relatively empty or underpopulated if the relocated population does not fully occupy the housing and other amenities that have been built. This can be due to a variety of factors, such as a lack of economic opportunities in the urban areas, or a lack of social or cultural ties to the new communities.
- Funding issues or regulatory challenges: Some "ghost cities" in China may be experiencing delays in their development due to a variety of factors, such as funding issues or regulatory challenges. For example, a lack of sufficient funding could prevent the completion of infrastructure projects or the construction of housing and other urban amenities, leading to empty or underpopulated urban areas. Similarly, regulatory challenges or other administrative issues could delay the development of these urban areas, leading to a slower pace of growth. These types of issues can be complex and may be influenced by a variety of factors, such as changes in government policies, economic conditions, or other external factors. Additionally, there may be other challenges or obstacles that are specific to a particular urban area, such as land disputes or local resistance to development.
China Evergrande Group Crisis
China Evergrande Group is a major player in China's real estate sector and has faced financial difficulties in recent years that have been closely tied to challenges facing the sector as a whole.
One of the main challenges facing China's real estate sector is a slowing market. China's housing market has experienced a slowdown in recent years due to a combination of factors including oversupply, tighter credit conditions, and slowing economic growth. This has had a negative impact on the performance of real estate developers like Evergrande, which have faced declining sales and profitability.
In addition to a slowing market, the real estate sector in China has also faced increasing regulatory scrutiny. The Chinese government has implemented a number of measures to curb speculation and reduce risk in the sector, including stricter lending rules, higher down payment requirements, and tighter restrictions on home purchases. These measures have had a dampening effect on the sector and have made it more difficult for developers like Evergrande to access credit and secure funding.
Finally, the COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant impact on China's real estate sector and has exacerbated the challenges faced by companies like Evergrande. The pandemic has disrupted supply chains, disrupted construction activity, and led to a decline in demand for real estate. This has further slowed the market and put pressure on developers' financial performance.
The financial difficulties faced by China Evergrande Group have been closely tied to the challenges facing China's real estate sector, including a slowing market, increasing regulatory scrutiny, and the economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. Evergrande’s collapse means that hundreds of residential buildings are left unfinished and construction sites shut down.
Frequently Asked Questions
What's the difference between 外交 and 国际关系 when talking about China's global role?
简单说：外交 (wàijiāo) 更偏向“行动层面”——国家之间的正式交往和具体做法，比如大使馆、条约谈判、领事服务、双边会谈、和平keeping、贸易协定、气候谈判等。外交就是政府和外交官用来处理国际事务、应对外交挑战 (wàijiāo tiǎozhàn) 的工具和过程。 国际关系 (guójì guānxì) 则是更广的“理论/结构层面”——研究国家、国际组织、非政府组织、跨国公司、公众舆论如何相互作用，包含制度（如联合国、WTO、AIIB）、地缘政治、经济互依、意识形态和媒体叙事等。换句话说：外交是实践，国际关系是描述和解释这些实践的框架。 在AP 的 Topic 6.4 学习中，你要会区分两者：用外交词汇描述具体事件（如一带一路、南海谈判、安理会行动），并用国际关系视角分析原因和影响（多边主义、经济相互依存、国家利益与国际规范）。想复习相关词汇和例子，看看 Unit 6 的学习资料 (https://library.fiveable.me/ap-chinese-language-and-literature/unit-6) 或本单元的学习指南 (https://library.fiveable.me/ap-chinese-language-and-literature/unit-6/economic-housing-challenges-facing-china/study-guide/IeFHChVlTPcNMwqIoeRv)。需要更多练习题去巩固？Fiveable 有 1000+ 练习题可用 (https://library.fiveable.me/practice/ap-chinese-language-and-literature).
How do I conjugate 争议 in different tenses when writing about territorial disputes?
Chinese verbs don’t conjugate. To show tense for 争议 (as in 领土争议), use time words and aspect markers. Key patterns (with 领土争议 examples): - Past (completed): 对......已经/曾经有过争议；或 用了了: 这些岛屿过去有过领土争议。 - Ongoing/continuous: 正在/仍然存在争议；例如：南海的领土争议仍然存在。 - Habitual/regular: 一直存在争议；例如：该海域一直存在领土争议。 - Future/intention: 会/将/可能/预计 + 有争议；例如：这个问题将继续引发争议。 - Experience emphasis: V过（experience）: 多国曾就该岛屿产生过争议。 - Progressive: 正在引发争议 / 在成为争议焦点。 On the AP exam, use precise time phrases and varied structures to show time (important for writing/speaking tasks). For more Topic 6 review, see the Unit 6 study guide (https://library.fiveable.me/ap-chinese-language-and-literature/unit-6) and related practice problems (https://library.fiveable.me/practice/ap-chinese-language-and-literature).
When do I use 一带一路 vs just saying Belt and Road Initiative in my essay?
Use 一带一路 when you’re writing in Chinese (essays, presentations, emails)—it’s the standard Chinese term and matches the CED vocabulary list for Topic 6.4. Use “Belt and Road Initiative” in English-language parts of your work (if teacher asks for bilingual sources or an English title). On the AP Free-Response tasks, always write Chinese terms in Chinese: in a cultural presentation or written response, 一带一路 shows you know the key vocab and fits the AP expectation for accurate terminology. If you mention it in English in class notes or an English-language source citation, use Belt and Road Initiative and then give the Chinese in parentheses: “Belt and Road Initiative (一带一路).” For practice, include the Chinese term naturally in explanations of China’s international cooperation, AIIB, and trade diplomacy (these are CED topics). For more review, check the Unit 6 study guide (https://library.fiveable.me/ap-chinese-language-and-literature/unit-6) and the Topic 6 study guide linked here (https://library.fiveable.me/ap-chinese-language-and-literature/unit-6/economic-housing-challenges-facing-china/study-guide/IeFHChVlTPcNMwqIoeRv). For extra practice, try questions at (https://library.fiveable.me/practice/ap-chinese-language-and-literature).
I don't understand the difference between 多边主义 and 双边关系 - can someone explain?
短答：多边主义 (duōbiān zhǔyì) 是指很多国家通过共同的机构或协议一起解决问题；双边关系 (shuāngbiān guānxì) 是指两个国家之间的直接互动和协议。 展开：多边主义强调在联合国、WTO、AIIB、气候谈判等多方平台上的集体决策和规则（符合CED中“国际组织”“多边合作”相关内容）。例如中国在联合国维和或气候谈判里推动多边方案。双边关系则是国家A和国家B之间的外交、贸易或安全安排，比如中美贸易谈判或中欧投资协定——重点是两国的直接谈判和互惠条款。 为什么重要（AP考试相关）：在写作或口头表述Topic 6.4时，你要能区分并讨论“多边合作带来的全球治理好处” vs. “双边谈判的针对性解决方案”，这会帮你在自由回应题（尤其是文化陈述/政策讨论）里展示多角度分析。想练习相关题目或复习词汇，参考本单元学习指南 (https://library.fiveable.me/ap-chinese-language-and-literature/unit-6/economic-housing-challenges-facing-china/study-guide/IeFHChVlTPcNMwqIoeRv) 或本单元总览 (https://library.fiveable.me/ap-chinese-language-and-literature/unit-6)。更多练习题见 (https://library.fiveable.me/practice/ap-chinese-language-and-literature)。
What are some good transition phrases I can use when discussing trade tensions between China and the US?
下面是适合在讨论中美贸易紧张（US–China trade tensions / 美中贸易紧张）时用的过渡短语，按功能分类，每条给中文＋简短英文说明，方便在写作或口语（尤其是自由回答和会话题）中用： - 引入话题：首先，关于… / 首先，谈到… (First, regarding…) - 举例、列证：例如/比如/以…为例 (For example) - 衔接细节：此外/而且/另外 (Moreover; In addition) - 因果关系：因此/所以/导致…的原因是… (Therefore; The reason is…) - 对比与转折：然而/不过/相反/尽管如此 (However; In contrast; Despite this) - 表示让步：虽然…，但…/即使…，也… (Although…, still…) - 强调观点：值得注意的是/需要强调的是 (It’s worth noting that) - 结论与建议：总的来说/综上所述/为此建议… (In conclusion; Therefore I suggest…) - 表达不确定或多方观点：有人认为…，也有人认为…/从不同角度看… (Some argue…, others argue…; From different perspectives) - 引用数据/转到法律机制：根据WTO规则/根据报道 (According to WTO rules / reports) 在AP自由回答和口头陈述中要用这些连接词把观点、证据（如关税、知识产权问题、供应链相互依赖）连成段落，体现多角度分析，符合Unit 6.4要求。想要更多练习和题目，参考Unit 6总览（https://library.fiveable.me/ap-chinese-language-and-literature/unit-6）和对应学习指南（https://library.fiveable.me/ap-chinese-language-and-literature/unit-6/economic-housing-challenges-facing-china/study-guide/IeFHChVlTPcNMwqIoeRv）；也可以做五百+练习题（https://library.fiveable.me/practice/ap-chinese-language-and-literature）。
How do I properly use 互利共赢 in a sentence about economic cooperation?
“互利共赢”常用来形容经济或外交合作双方都能得到好处。常见搭配：实现/促进/推动/达成 互利共赢；互利共赢 的 合作/关系/机制。例句（正式）：中国和沿线国家通过“一带一路”倡议，推动基础设施互联互通，促进贸易投资，努力实现互利共赢。例句（简短口语）：两国签了贸易协议，希望能做到互利共赢。写作提示：在AP自由答题（如文化陈述或书信）里，用“实现互利共赢”来总结经济外交政策，能体现对多边主义和经济互依关系的理解（参考CED关键词：一带一路、经济互利、国际合作）。想练写例句和真题应用，可以看Unit 6学习指南（https://library.fiveable.me/ap-chinese-language-and-literature/unit-6/economic-housing-challenges-facing-china/study-guide/IeFHChVlTPcNMwqIoeRv）并做Fiveable的练习题（https://library.fiveable.me/practice/ap-chinese-language-and-literature）。
I'm confused about when to use formal vs informal language when discussing diplomatic relations - help?
Good question—register matters a lot on Topic 6.4. For AP tasks, match formality to the mode: - Free-response speaking (Conversation Q3)—interpersonal with a peer or classmate: use polite but conversational language. You can use contractions in English explanations, but in Chinese keep natural spoken phrases (比如: 我觉得..., 可能..., 你怎么看?). Register should be mostly neutral—not too casual. - Email Response (Q2) and Cultural Presentation (Q4)—more formal/presentational: use formal vocabulary and transitions (例如: 尊敬的…, 此外, 因此, 总之) and AP CED terms like 全球关系, 外交挑战, 多边主义, 一带一路. Rubrics expect “consistent use of register appropriate to situation.” - Writing (Story/Narration Q1)—narrative tone depends on audience; to a friend = informal, to a teacher = formal. Quick phrases: formal—与此同时、促进合作、通过协商; informal—其实、我觉得、那样的话. Practice switching registers on real prompts—Fiveable has unit study guides and 1000+ practice problems (unit study guide: https://library.fiveable.me/ap-chinese-language-and-literature/unit-6/economic-housing-challenges-facing-china/study-guide/IeFHChVlTPcNMwqIoeRv; practice: https://library.fiveable.me/practice/ap-chinese-language-and-literature).
What's the correct way to say "territorial sovereignty" in Chinese for my speaking assessment?
最标准的翻译是“领土主权” (lǐngtǔ zhǔquán)。这是在讨论南海、台海或领土争议时，CED 常用的正式词汇（见关键词：领土争议）。你也可以根据语境用： - 国家主权 (guójiā zhǔquán)—强调国家整体主权 - 领土完整 (lǐngtǔ wánzhěng)—强调领土不被分割 - 领土主权问题 / 领土主权争议—指具体争议情形 口语小贴士（适合 AP 会话/陈述）： - 读音注意声调： lǐng(tǔ) zhǔ(quán)—第三声 + 第二声。 - 在 20 秒回答或 2 分钟陈述里，把词放在句首或主题句里，比如： “领土主权对地区稳定非常重要，因为……” 句子要简洁、有理由（如经济利益、国际法、和平稳定）。 - 在自由回应或文化陈述题（Q3、Q4）用这个词能显示你掌握主题相关正式词汇。 想练更多相关表达和真题练习，可以看 Unit 6 的复习资料（https://library.fiveable.me/ap-chinese-language-and-literature/unit-6）或特定学习指南（https://library.fiveable.me/ap-chinese-language-and-literature/unit-6/economic-housing-challenges-facing-china/study-guide/IeFHChVlTPcNMwqIoeRv），以及大量练习题（https://library.fiveable.me/practice/ap-chinese-language-and-literature）。
Can someone explain the grammar pattern for expressing different perspectives on international issues?
要表达不同观点，常用几种清晰、考试友好的句型——记得在写/说题里用多样句型得分更高（CED 要求用广泛语法结构）： - 对比观点：有人认为……，也有人认为…… / 一方面……，另一方面…… e.g. 有人认为一带一路促进互利共赢，也有人认为可能引发债务问题。 - 角度说明：从……角度来看 / 就……而言 / 从……的观点来看 e.g. 从多边主义的角度来看，中国参加联合国有积极作用。 - 转折与让步：虽然……，但…… / 尽管……，还是…… / 与此相反（相对） e.g. 尽管存在领土争议，但双方通过外交谈判寻求和平解决。 - 举例与证据：比如…… / 据（数据/媒体）显示…… / 例如在南海仲裁案中…… - 提建议或假设：应该…… / 如果……，就会…… / 有利于……/不利于…… e.g. 若加强气候合作，将有利于全球可持续发展。 在自由答题里（写邮件/演讲/对话），把这些句型交替使用、加上关键词（全球关系、外交挑战、一带一路、多边主义）和具体例子，会让你的表达更有说服力。更多题型练习和复习资料见 Fiveable 单元页（https://library.fiveable.me/ap-chinese-language-and-literature/unit-6）和题库（https://library.fiveable.me/practice/ap-chinese-language-and-literature）。
I missed class and I'm totally lost on how to structure an argument about China's UN participation
Think thesis-first: state a clear position about China’s UN participation (e.g., “China’s role in the UN strengthens multilateral governance but faces legitimacy challenges”). Then support it with three focused paragraphs and a short rebuttal: 1) Responsibility & influence—explain China as a permanent Security Council member with veto power and agenda-setting ability (use term: United Nations Security Council). 2) Peacekeeping & mediation—cite China’s contributions to peacekeeping ops and diplomacy; connect to global governance and multilateral cooperation (多边主义). 3) Global goals & climate—link China’s SDG participation and climate initiatives to international cooperation and Belt and Road implications (一带一路). Rebuttal: acknowledge diplomatic challenges (territorial disputes, human-rights/media critiques, US–China tensions) and explain limits to China’s influence. Finish with a concise conclusion that restates your thesis and suggests a concrete implication or policy step (e.g., more transparency in peacekeeping or deeper multilateral climate commitments). For AP tasks, adapt this to FRQ formats: a presentational paragraph for the cultural presentation or a structured email for interpersonal writing—focus on clear organization, cohesive devices, and relevant vocabulary from the CED. Review Topic 6.4 concepts in the Unit 6 study guide (https://library.fiveable.me/ap-chinese-language-and-literature/unit-6) and practice >1,000 problems (https://library.fiveable.me/practice/ap-chinese-language-and-literature).
When do I use 尽管 vs 虽然 when contrasting different viewpoints on trade disputes?
Short answer: both mean “although,” but use them slightly differently to show concession and vary sentence structure on the exam. - 尽管 emphasizes concession and is a bit more formal. Structure: 尽管 + (short/verb) clause, （但是/仍然/依然）+ result. Good for formal writing about trade disputes. Example: 尽管中美有贸易摩擦（贸易战/知识产权争议），两国经贸关系仍然互利共赢。 - 虽然 is more neutral and very common in speech and writing. Structure: 虽然 + (longer) clause, （但是/可是/却）+ result. Use it for contrast in narratives or conversations. Example: 虽然美国担心技术转移，但两国供应链高度互依，短期内难以脱钩。 AP tip: on Free-Response tasks show grammar range—use both structures and varied connectors (尽管…但是…, 虽然…却…, 然而…) to score higher for language use. For more Topic 6 review (trade tensions, WTO, US–China relations) see the Unit 6 study guide (https://library.fiveable.me/ap-chinese-language-and-literature/unit-6/economic-housing-challenges-facing-china/study-guide/IeFHChVlTPcNMwqIoeRv) and practice 1000+ questions (https://library.fiveable.me/practice/ap-chinese-language-and-literature).
What are some advanced vocabulary words I can use to discuss China's role in global governance?
Here are advanced terms you can use when discussing China’s role in global governance—each with pinyin and a short English gloss. Use them in free-response and the cultural presentation to show range (vocab variety helps higher rubric scores). - 全球治理 (quánqiú zhìlǐ)—global governance - 多边主义 (duōbiān zhǔyì)—multilateralism - 国际秩序 (guójì zhìxù)—international order - 规则制定 (guīzé zhìdìng)—rule-making / standard-setting - 软实力 (ruǎn shílì)—soft power - 公共产品 (gōnggòng chǎnpǐn)—public goods (e.g., climate action, health) - 互利共赢 (hùlì gòngyíng)—mutual benefit / win-win - 经济外交 (jīngjì wàijiāo)—economic diplomacy - 发展援助 (fāzhǎn yuánzhù)—development assistance - 主权争议 (zhǔquán zhēngyì)—sovereignty disputes - 多边机制 (duōbiān jīzhì)—multilateral mechanisms (UN, WTO, AIIB) - 气候外交 (qìhòu wàijiāo)—climate diplomacy Tie terms to examples: 联合国常任理事国责任 (UN Security Council responsibilities), 一带一路, AIIB, 和可持续发展目标. For extra practice, check the Topic 6 study guide (https://library.fiveable.me/ap-chinese-language-and-literature/unit-6/economic-housing-challenges-facing-china/study-guide/IeFHChVlTPcNMwqIoeRv), the unit overview (https://library.fiveable.me/ap-chinese-language-and-literature/unit-6), and +1000 practice items (https://library.fiveable.me/practice/ap-chinese-language-and-literature).
How do I express cause and effect relationships when writing about diplomatic challenges?
写外交挑战时，用清晰的因果连接词能让你的论述更有逻辑。常用句型有： - 因为...所以...／由于...，所以...（原因 → 结果） 例：由于美中贸易逆差加剧，所以双方出现关税争端。 - 导致/致使/使得...（强调结果） 例：持续的领土争议使得区域紧张局势加剧。 - 以致/以至于...（负面结果，常接意外或严重后果） 例：外交沟通不畅，以致误解扩大。 - 因而/从而...（更正式，连接结果） 例：中国加强多边合作，从而提高在国际组织中的影响力。 - 如果...（就）...／要是...就...（假设与结果） 例：如果双方恢复对话，就可能缓解贸易摩擦。 - 不仅...而且...／既...又...（并列并暗含因果） 例：一带一路既推动经济合作，又带来地缘政治挑战。 在AP写作/口语（比如邮件、文化陈述）里，适当用这些连接词能提高任务完成度和连贯性，符合CED对“组织和过渡词”的要求。想练习更多相关表达和题目，参考专题学习指南（https://library.fiveable.me/ap-chinese-language-and-literature/unit-6/economic-housing-challenges-facing-china/study-guide/IeFHChVlTPcNMwqIoeRv）和大量练习题（https://library.fiveable.me/practice/ap-chinese-language-and-literature）。
I don't get when to use 关于 vs 对于 when introducing topics about international relations
它们都能表示“关于/对于……”，但用法不同——记住两点： - 关于 = “about, concerning” ，常用来引出话题或名词短语（当主题/标题）。可以放在句首或短语里。例：关于南海争议，我们需要更多外交对话。它适合在文章开头概述中国在国际组织或领土争议的“主题”（CED关键词：领土争议、国际关系）。 - 对于 = “regarding, with respect to” ，常用来表达态度、看法或采取的行动，后面常接句子或动词短语。例：对于南海争议，中国强调历史权利并支持通过谈判解决。在写 AP 自由回答（email/口头展示）表达观点或分析多方立场时，优先用对于＋评价/观点句。 小技巧：作文开头先用关于引入话题，接着用对于展开观点或分析。想练习更多相关句型和主题例题，参考本单元和练习库（unit overview: https://library.fiveable.me/ap-chinese-language-and-literature/unit-6；topic study guide: https://library.fiveable.me/ap-chinese-language-and-literature/unit-6/economic-housing-challenges-facing-china/study-guide/IeFHChVlTPcNMwqIoeRv；practice problems: https://library.fiveable.me/practice/ap-chinese-language-and-literature）。
What's the proper way to cite different media perspectives in Chinese for my research project?
写研究时用中文引用不同媒体观点，要做到清楚来源、客观比对、符合学术规范。具体做法： - 明确标注来源：在句子里写出媒体/作者和时间，例如“据《纽约时报》2020年报道……”，“中国官方媒体新华社指出……”。 - 区分直接引语与意译：直接引用用引号并给出处；意译或总结要写“据报道/报道称/有评论认为……”。 - 表明立场或倾向：写出媒体属性（国际/国内、政府/独立），比如“西方媒体通常侧重……，而国内媒体强调……”。这对分析多角度（Multiple Viewpoint Analysis）很重要，符合Topic 6.4要求。 - 用多种类型来源（学术、新闻、社媒、官方文件），并比较差异、证据与逻辑。 - 写参考文献清单，按常见格式列出媒体名、作者、日期与链接。 想看单元概览或练习题可参考 Fiveable 单元页面（https://library.fiveable.me/ap-chinese-language-and-literature/unit-6）和专题学习指南（https://library.fiveable.me/ap-chinese-language-and-literature/unit-6/economic-housing-challenges-facing-china/study-guide/IeFHChVlTPcNMwqIoeRv）。