Internal energy refers to the total amount of kinetic and potential energies possessed by all molecules within a substance. It includes both microscopic motion (kinetic) and forces between molecules (potential).
Temperature: Temperature is a measure of average kinetic energy within a substance. It indicates how fast molecules are moving on average.
Thermal Equilibrium: Thermal equilibrium occurs when two objects or systems reach the same temperature and there is no net flow of thermal energy between them.
Specific Heat Capacity: Specific heat capacity is the amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of a substance by a certain amount. It is a property that depends on the type of material.
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