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4.2 The Rise of Political Parties and the Era of Jefferson

7 min readdecember 20, 2022

S

Sally Kim

Milo Chang

Milo Chang

S

Sally Kim

Milo Chang

Milo Chang

First Party System

Federalists

Democratic-Republicans

  • &

  • Middle states, New England

  • ,

  • Favored Britain

  • Order and stability

  • &

  • Virginia, South, West

  • ,

  • Favored France

  • Liberty 

*Not the same as Anti-

The was a political system in the United States that emerged in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. It was characterized by the development of two political parties, the Federalist Party and the Democratic-Republican Party, which emerged as the dominant political forces in the country.

The Federalist Party, which was led by and , favored a strong federal government and a strong central bank. They supported a strong military and a pro-business economic policy.

The Democratic-Republican Party, which was led by and , favored a more decentralized government with greater powers for the states. They supported a strong agrarian economy and a more limited federal government.

The was marked by a series of political conflicts and debates between the Federalist Party and the Democratic-Republican Party, including the debate over the Constitution, the formation of the , and the issue of foreign policy.

Presidency of Jefferson

https://firebasestorage.googleapis.com/v0/b/fiveable-92889.appspot.com/o/images%2FJefferson-Banner.jpg?alt=media&token=4bc356a1-5ba0-41a9-8f0c-65624b790f42

Thomas Jefferson’s victory over John Adams in the election of 1800 was celebrated through everyday Americans’ material culture, including this victory banner. Smithsonian Institute, National Museum of American History.

The Election of 1800 involved personal attacks by both parties and became the president.

lost power in what is called the , because they made too many unpopular decisions while in power. Some examples include the and .

  • The was a treaty signed between the United States and Great Britain in 1794, which aimed to settle outstanding issues from the American Revolution and to establish a framework for peaceful trade and relations between the two countries. The treaty was controversial, as it was seen by some as too favorable to Great Britain and not protective enough of American interests.

  • The were a series of laws passed by the Federalist-controlled Congress in 1798, which aimed to crack down on anti-government sentiment and to limit the influence of immigrants in the United States. The Acts included measures to increase the residency requirement for citizenship, to give the president greater power to deport immigrants, and to make it a crime to criticize the government or its officials.

This was called the because it was a peaceful transition of power from one party to another, something that was rare throughout the world at the time.

The fall of the led to a period of time called the , because there was only one political party, the , and little debate. Yet, this phrase is debatable as sectionalism increased during this period due to economic, social, and political differences between the North and South and eventually led to the , which would divide the country further. These differences would fuel the development of an in the industrial North that sought to limit the expansion of slavery, which the South relied on for its agricultural economy.

🎥 Watch: AP US History - The Era of Good Feelings

The presidency of Jefferson brought new territories through the in 1803. Since Napoleon had failed to take back Haiti, Louisiana became useless. Thus, Napoleon offered 828,000 square miles for about $15 million, or about 3 cents per acre.

Jefferson quickly purchased this region of land, which ranged from the Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains, although he was worried about the constitutionality of his decision. Jefferson saw the acquisition as a way to fulfill his vision of an agrarian republic based on small farmers. He believed that the expansion of agriculture was essential for the growth and prosperity of the country, and he saw the as an opportunity to create new land for farmers to cultivate.

The more than doubled the size of the United States and opened up new opportunities for expansion and development. The was an important event in the history of the United States, as it marked the country's first major expansion beyond the original 13 colonies and established the U.S. as a major player on the world stage. It also had significant economic and cultural impacts, as it opened up new opportunities for trade, commerce, and settlement, and it helped to shape the cultural and political landscape of the United States.

Other key events of Jefferson's presidency include:

  1. The creation of the : In 1802, Jefferson established the to protect intellectual property and to encourage innovation and technological advancement.

  2. The : In 1803, Jefferson commissioned the , which explored the newly acquired Louisiana Territory and established a route to the Pacific Ocean. The expedition helped to map and document the country's western territories and laid the foundation for further westward expansion.

  3. The : In 1808, Jefferson signed a law that banned the international slave trade, making it illegal to import or export slaves to or from the United States. The law was a significant step towards the eventual abolition of slavery in the United States.

  4. The : In 1807, Jefferson signed the , which prohibited American ships from sailing to foreign ports in an effort to protect American interests and to avoid getting drawn into the Napoleonic Wars between Britain and France. The Act was unpopular and had negative economic consequences, and it was eventually replaced by the in 1809.

  5. The abolition of the Federalist-controlled : In 1811, Jefferson vetoed a bill to renew the charter of the , which was controlled by the Federalist Party. The veto helped to weaken the power of the Federalist Party and contributed to the decline of the .

Marshall Supreme Court Cases

led the Supreme Court for 34 years. His leadership increased the power of the federal government while decreasing the power of state governments.

One well-known case, Marbury v. Madison, started due to Adams, the president before Jefferson, appointing midnight judges right before the end of his term. The next day, President Jefferson repealed and refused to give some commissions that haven’t been sent yet. One appointee (William Marbury) sued to get his, but the Supreme Court declared that while it was illegal not to deliver the commission, it would not be handed over through force.

This case established the practice of , where the Supreme Court could judge actions of other branches of the government and deem them constitutional or unconstitutional. This had been the first time an act of the president was ruled unconstitutional.

Here are a few notable cases from the Marshall Court:

  1. (1803): In this landmark case, the Supreme Court established the principle of , which gives the Court the power to declare a law or government action unconstitutional.

  1. (1819): In this case, the Court upheld the power of Congress to create a , rejecting the argument that it exceeded the powers granted to Congress by the Constitution. The decision established the principle of , which allows Congress to pass laws that are necessary and proper to carry out its constitutional powers.

  2. (1819): In this case, the Court ruled that a state could not alter the terms of a private contract without violating the Constitution's protection of private property rights. The decision established the principle of and the protection of private property rights under the Constitution.

  3. (1821): In this case, the Court ruled that the Supreme Court had the authority to review and overturn state court decisions that were in conflict with federal law. The decision established the principle of and the power of the federal courts to interpret and enforce the Constitution.

  4. (1824): In this case, the Court ruled that the federal government had the exclusive power to regulate , rejecting the claim that states had the power to regulate commerce within their borders. The decision established the principle of and the power of the federal government to regulate .

  5. (1832): In this case, the Court ruled that Georgia's laws regulating the presence of Native Americans within the state were unconstitutional and violated the rights of the Cherokee Nation. The decision established the principle of and the right of Native American tribes to be treated as sovereign nations with the right to self-governance.

These cases and others helped to establish the Supreme Court as an independent and influential branch of government, and they continue to be important and widely cited in legal decisions today.

🎥 Watch: AP US History - Rise of Political Parties

Key Terms to Review (39)

Abolition of the international slave trade

: This refers to Congress banning the importation of new slaves into America in 1808. It was one part of a larger abolitionist movement aimed at ending slavery altogether.

Abolitionist Movement

: The Abolitionist Movement was a social and political push for immediate emancipation of all slaves and end racial discrimination and segregation in mid-19th century America.

Aid yeoman farmers

: This term refers to the policies or actions taken by the government to support small-scale, independent farmers who owned their own land (yeoman farmers) in the early United States.

Alexander Hamilton

: Alexander Hamilton was a Founding Father, first Secretary of the Treasury (1789–1795), and influential interpreter of the U.S. Constitution.

Alien and Sedition Acts

: The Alien and Sedition Acts were four laws passed by the Federalist-dominated Congress in 1798 during a time of intense political partisanship. These acts increased the residency requirement for American citizenship, allowed the president to imprison or deport aliens considered "dangerous to the peace and safety of the United States" and restricted speech critical of the government.

Cohens v. Virginia

: A landmark Supreme Court case in 1821 that reinforced the principle of federal supremacy over states, asserting that the Supreme Court had the power to review decisions of state courts.

Contract Law

: This is a body of law that governs making, enforcing, and breaking agreements between parties. It ensures all parties involved in a contract fulfill their obligations as promised.

Dartmouth College v. Woodward

: This was a landmark decision from the Supreme Court in 1819 that ruled that states cannot interfere with private contracts. It reinforced contract law and protected corporations from state governments.

Democratic-Republicans

: The Democratic-Republicans were one of two main political parties during America's First Party System (1792-1824). They favored states' rights, an agrarian economy, and diplomatic alignment with France.

Embargo Act

: The Embargo Act was a law passed by the U.S. Congress and signed by President Thomas Jefferson in December 1807. It prohibited American ships from trading with foreign ports, aiming to force Britain and France to respect American neutrality during the Napoleonic Wars.

Era of Good Feelings

: The Era of Good Feelings refers to the period in American history from 1815 to 1825, when there was a sense of national purpose and unity following the War of 1812. This era saw the dominance of one political party, the Democratic-Republicans.

Federal Supremacy

: The constitutional principle that asserts U.S. federal law takes precedence over state laws and constitutions when there is conflict between them.

Federalists

: Federalists were supporters of ratification of U.S Constitution; they believed in strong central government and loose interpretation of Constitution.

First Party System

: The First Party System is a term that describes the political system in place in the United States between 1792 and 1824. It was marked by two dominant political parties, the Federalists and the Democratic-Republicans.

Gibbons v. Ogden

: An 1824 Supreme Court case that clarified the commerce clause and affirmed Congressional power over interstate commerce.

Implied Powers

: These are powers not explicitly named in the Constitution but assumed to exist due to their being necessary to implement the expressed powers that are named in Article I.

Interstate Commerce

: Interstate commerce refers to the purchase, sale or exchange of commodities, transportation of people, money or goods, and navigation of waters between different states.

James Madison

: James Madison was an American statesman, diplomat and Founding Father who served as the fourth President of United States (1809-1817). He is hailed as "Father of Constitution" for his pivotal role in drafting and promoting U.S. Constitution and Bill of Rights.

Jay Treaty

: The Jay Treaty was an agreement between the United States and Great Britain in 1794 that aimed to resolve issues remaining since the end of the American Revolution.

John Adams

: John Adams was the second president of the United States (1797-1801) and one of the Founding Fathers. He played a key role in drafting the U.S. Constitution and was a strong advocate for independence from Britain.

John Marshall

: John Marshall was the fourth Chief Justice of the United States (1801–1835). His court opinions helped lay the basis for American constitutional law and made the Supreme Court a center of power.

Judicial Review

: The doctrine under which legislative and executive actions are subject to review by the judiciary. It is an essential part of checks and balances within U.S. government structure.

Lewis and Clark expedition

: The Lewis and Clark expedition was a journey commissioned by President Thomas Jefferson in 1804 to explore the newly acquired western territory (Louisiana Purchase) and find a practical route across the western half of the continent.

Loose interpretation of Constitution

: This is an approach towards interpreting the U.S. Constitution where powers not explicitly stated can be inferred or implied, allowing for a broader range of governmental actions.

Louisiana Purchase

: The Louisiana Purchase was a land deal between the United States and France in 1803, where the U.S. acquired approximately 827,000 square miles of land west of the Mississippi River for $15 million.

Low taxes

: Low taxes refer to reduced tax rates or smaller amounts taken from income, property, or goods by the government for public use.

Marbury v. Madison

: Marbury v. Madison is a landmark Supreme Court case from 1803 that established judicial review, giving courts the power to declare laws unconstitutional.

Marshall Supreme Court Cases

: These are landmark decisions made by the U.S. Supreme Court under Chief Justice John Marshall, which established key precedents for federalism, judicial review, and the interpretation of the Constitution.

McCulloch v. Maryland

: A landmark Supreme Court decision from 1819 that ruled states couldn't tax federal institutions like National Bank, asserting national supremacy over state authority.

National Bank

: A national bank is a financial institution chartered and regulated by the federal government. In the context of US history, it refers to two banks established in the early 19th century, which were instrumental in managing the country's finances.

Non-Intercourse Act

: The Non-Intercourse Act was a law passed by the United States Congress in 1809, replacing the Embargo Act of 1807. It aimed to maintain U.S. neutrality during the Napoleonic Wars between Britain and France by prohibiting trade with these nations.

Protective Tariffs

: Protective tariffs are taxes imposed on imported goods with an aim to protect domestic industries from foreign competition by making imported goods more expensive.

Revolution of 1800

: The Revolution of 1800 refers to the presidential election where Thomas Jefferson defeated John Adams. It marked the first peaceful transition of power between political parties (Federalists to Democratic-Republicans) in U.S history.

Second Party System

: The Second Party System refers to the political framework in the United States from about 1828 to 1854, characterized by the dominance of two major parties: the Democrats and the Whigs.

Strict interpretation of Constitution

: This refers to a belief that one should interpret or apply provisions in the U.S. Constitution exactly as they are written without inferring any additional meaning or principles.

Thomas Jefferson

: Thomas Jefferson was an American Founding Father who served as the third President of the United States (1801–1809). He is also known for writing the Declaration of Independence.

Tribal Sovereignty

: Tribal sovereignty refers to the right of indigenous tribes to govern themselves within the borders of the United States.

U.S. Patent and Trademark Office

: The U.S. Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) is an agency of the Department of Commerce that issues patents to inventors and businesses for their inventions, and trademark registration for product and intellectual property identification.

Worcester v. Georgia

: Worcester v. Georgia was a Supreme Court case in 1832 that established tribal sovereignty in the United States, stating that laws passed by U.S. states do not apply within Native American tribal territories.

4.2 The Rise of Political Parties and the Era of Jefferson

7 min readdecember 20, 2022

S

Sally Kim

Milo Chang

Milo Chang

S

Sally Kim

Milo Chang

Milo Chang

First Party System

Federalists

Democratic-Republicans

  • &

  • Middle states, New England

  • ,

  • Favored Britain

  • Order and stability

  • &

  • Virginia, South, West

  • ,

  • Favored France

  • Liberty 

*Not the same as Anti-

The was a political system in the United States that emerged in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. It was characterized by the development of two political parties, the Federalist Party and the Democratic-Republican Party, which emerged as the dominant political forces in the country.

The Federalist Party, which was led by and , favored a strong federal government and a strong central bank. They supported a strong military and a pro-business economic policy.

The Democratic-Republican Party, which was led by and , favored a more decentralized government with greater powers for the states. They supported a strong agrarian economy and a more limited federal government.

The was marked by a series of political conflicts and debates between the Federalist Party and the Democratic-Republican Party, including the debate over the Constitution, the formation of the , and the issue of foreign policy.

Presidency of Jefferson

https://firebasestorage.googleapis.com/v0/b/fiveable-92889.appspot.com/o/images%2FJefferson-Banner.jpg?alt=media&token=4bc356a1-5ba0-41a9-8f0c-65624b790f42

Thomas Jefferson’s victory over John Adams in the election of 1800 was celebrated through everyday Americans’ material culture, including this victory banner. Smithsonian Institute, National Museum of American History.

The Election of 1800 involved personal attacks by both parties and became the president.

lost power in what is called the , because they made too many unpopular decisions while in power. Some examples include the and .

  • The was a treaty signed between the United States and Great Britain in 1794, which aimed to settle outstanding issues from the American Revolution and to establish a framework for peaceful trade and relations between the two countries. The treaty was controversial, as it was seen by some as too favorable to Great Britain and not protective enough of American interests.

  • The were a series of laws passed by the Federalist-controlled Congress in 1798, which aimed to crack down on anti-government sentiment and to limit the influence of immigrants in the United States. The Acts included measures to increase the residency requirement for citizenship, to give the president greater power to deport immigrants, and to make it a crime to criticize the government or its officials.

This was called the because it was a peaceful transition of power from one party to another, something that was rare throughout the world at the time.

The fall of the led to a period of time called the , because there was only one political party, the , and little debate. Yet, this phrase is debatable as sectionalism increased during this period due to economic, social, and political differences between the North and South and eventually led to the , which would divide the country further. These differences would fuel the development of an in the industrial North that sought to limit the expansion of slavery, which the South relied on for its agricultural economy.

🎥 Watch: AP US History - The Era of Good Feelings

The presidency of Jefferson brought new territories through the in 1803. Since Napoleon had failed to take back Haiti, Louisiana became useless. Thus, Napoleon offered 828,000 square miles for about $15 million, or about 3 cents per acre.

Jefferson quickly purchased this region of land, which ranged from the Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains, although he was worried about the constitutionality of his decision. Jefferson saw the acquisition as a way to fulfill his vision of an agrarian republic based on small farmers. He believed that the expansion of agriculture was essential for the growth and prosperity of the country, and he saw the as an opportunity to create new land for farmers to cultivate.

The more than doubled the size of the United States and opened up new opportunities for expansion and development. The was an important event in the history of the United States, as it marked the country's first major expansion beyond the original 13 colonies and established the U.S. as a major player on the world stage. It also had significant economic and cultural impacts, as it opened up new opportunities for trade, commerce, and settlement, and it helped to shape the cultural and political landscape of the United States.

Other key events of Jefferson's presidency include:

  1. The creation of the : In 1802, Jefferson established the to protect intellectual property and to encourage innovation and technological advancement.

  2. The : In 1803, Jefferson commissioned the , which explored the newly acquired Louisiana Territory and established a route to the Pacific Ocean. The expedition helped to map and document the country's western territories and laid the foundation for further westward expansion.

  3. The : In 1808, Jefferson signed a law that banned the international slave trade, making it illegal to import or export slaves to or from the United States. The law was a significant step towards the eventual abolition of slavery in the United States.

  4. The : In 1807, Jefferson signed the , which prohibited American ships from sailing to foreign ports in an effort to protect American interests and to avoid getting drawn into the Napoleonic Wars between Britain and France. The Act was unpopular and had negative economic consequences, and it was eventually replaced by the in 1809.

  5. The abolition of the Federalist-controlled : In 1811, Jefferson vetoed a bill to renew the charter of the , which was controlled by the Federalist Party. The veto helped to weaken the power of the Federalist Party and contributed to the decline of the .

Marshall Supreme Court Cases

led the Supreme Court for 34 years. His leadership increased the power of the federal government while decreasing the power of state governments.

One well-known case, Marbury v. Madison, started due to Adams, the president before Jefferson, appointing midnight judges right before the end of his term. The next day, President Jefferson repealed and refused to give some commissions that haven’t been sent yet. One appointee (William Marbury) sued to get his, but the Supreme Court declared that while it was illegal not to deliver the commission, it would not be handed over through force.

This case established the practice of , where the Supreme Court could judge actions of other branches of the government and deem them constitutional or unconstitutional. This had been the first time an act of the president was ruled unconstitutional.

Here are a few notable cases from the Marshall Court:

  1. (1803): In this landmark case, the Supreme Court established the principle of , which gives the Court the power to declare a law or government action unconstitutional.

  1. (1819): In this case, the Court upheld the power of Congress to create a , rejecting the argument that it exceeded the powers granted to Congress by the Constitution. The decision established the principle of , which allows Congress to pass laws that are necessary and proper to carry out its constitutional powers.

  2. (1819): In this case, the Court ruled that a state could not alter the terms of a private contract without violating the Constitution's protection of private property rights. The decision established the principle of and the protection of private property rights under the Constitution.

  3. (1821): In this case, the Court ruled that the Supreme Court had the authority to review and overturn state court decisions that were in conflict with federal law. The decision established the principle of and the power of the federal courts to interpret and enforce the Constitution.

  4. (1824): In this case, the Court ruled that the federal government had the exclusive power to regulate , rejecting the claim that states had the power to regulate commerce within their borders. The decision established the principle of and the power of the federal government to regulate .

  5. (1832): In this case, the Court ruled that Georgia's laws regulating the presence of Native Americans within the state were unconstitutional and violated the rights of the Cherokee Nation. The decision established the principle of and the right of Native American tribes to be treated as sovereign nations with the right to self-governance.

These cases and others helped to establish the Supreme Court as an independent and influential branch of government, and they continue to be important and widely cited in legal decisions today.

🎥 Watch: AP US History - Rise of Political Parties

Key Terms to Review (39)

Abolition of the international slave trade

: This refers to Congress banning the importation of new slaves into America in 1808. It was one part of a larger abolitionist movement aimed at ending slavery altogether.

Abolitionist Movement

: The Abolitionist Movement was a social and political push for immediate emancipation of all slaves and end racial discrimination and segregation in mid-19th century America.

Aid yeoman farmers

: This term refers to the policies or actions taken by the government to support small-scale, independent farmers who owned their own land (yeoman farmers) in the early United States.

Alexander Hamilton

: Alexander Hamilton was a Founding Father, first Secretary of the Treasury (1789–1795), and influential interpreter of the U.S. Constitution.

Alien and Sedition Acts

: The Alien and Sedition Acts were four laws passed by the Federalist-dominated Congress in 1798 during a time of intense political partisanship. These acts increased the residency requirement for American citizenship, allowed the president to imprison or deport aliens considered "dangerous to the peace and safety of the United States" and restricted speech critical of the government.

Cohens v. Virginia

: A landmark Supreme Court case in 1821 that reinforced the principle of federal supremacy over states, asserting that the Supreme Court had the power to review decisions of state courts.

Contract Law

: This is a body of law that governs making, enforcing, and breaking agreements between parties. It ensures all parties involved in a contract fulfill their obligations as promised.

Dartmouth College v. Woodward

: This was a landmark decision from the Supreme Court in 1819 that ruled that states cannot interfere with private contracts. It reinforced contract law and protected corporations from state governments.

Democratic-Republicans

: The Democratic-Republicans were one of two main political parties during America's First Party System (1792-1824). They favored states' rights, an agrarian economy, and diplomatic alignment with France.

Embargo Act

: The Embargo Act was a law passed by the U.S. Congress and signed by President Thomas Jefferson in December 1807. It prohibited American ships from trading with foreign ports, aiming to force Britain and France to respect American neutrality during the Napoleonic Wars.

Era of Good Feelings

: The Era of Good Feelings refers to the period in American history from 1815 to 1825, when there was a sense of national purpose and unity following the War of 1812. This era saw the dominance of one political party, the Democratic-Republicans.

Federal Supremacy

: The constitutional principle that asserts U.S. federal law takes precedence over state laws and constitutions when there is conflict between them.

Federalists

: Federalists were supporters of ratification of U.S Constitution; they believed in strong central government and loose interpretation of Constitution.

First Party System

: The First Party System is a term that describes the political system in place in the United States between 1792 and 1824. It was marked by two dominant political parties, the Federalists and the Democratic-Republicans.

Gibbons v. Ogden

: An 1824 Supreme Court case that clarified the commerce clause and affirmed Congressional power over interstate commerce.

Implied Powers

: These are powers not explicitly named in the Constitution but assumed to exist due to their being necessary to implement the expressed powers that are named in Article I.

Interstate Commerce

: Interstate commerce refers to the purchase, sale or exchange of commodities, transportation of people, money or goods, and navigation of waters between different states.

James Madison

: James Madison was an American statesman, diplomat and Founding Father who served as the fourth President of United States (1809-1817). He is hailed as "Father of Constitution" for his pivotal role in drafting and promoting U.S. Constitution and Bill of Rights.

Jay Treaty

: The Jay Treaty was an agreement between the United States and Great Britain in 1794 that aimed to resolve issues remaining since the end of the American Revolution.

John Adams

: John Adams was the second president of the United States (1797-1801) and one of the Founding Fathers. He played a key role in drafting the U.S. Constitution and was a strong advocate for independence from Britain.

John Marshall

: John Marshall was the fourth Chief Justice of the United States (1801–1835). His court opinions helped lay the basis for American constitutional law and made the Supreme Court a center of power.

Judicial Review

: The doctrine under which legislative and executive actions are subject to review by the judiciary. It is an essential part of checks and balances within U.S. government structure.

Lewis and Clark expedition

: The Lewis and Clark expedition was a journey commissioned by President Thomas Jefferson in 1804 to explore the newly acquired western territory (Louisiana Purchase) and find a practical route across the western half of the continent.

Loose interpretation of Constitution

: This is an approach towards interpreting the U.S. Constitution where powers not explicitly stated can be inferred or implied, allowing for a broader range of governmental actions.

Louisiana Purchase

: The Louisiana Purchase was a land deal between the United States and France in 1803, where the U.S. acquired approximately 827,000 square miles of land west of the Mississippi River for $15 million.

Low taxes

: Low taxes refer to reduced tax rates or smaller amounts taken from income, property, or goods by the government for public use.

Marbury v. Madison

: Marbury v. Madison is a landmark Supreme Court case from 1803 that established judicial review, giving courts the power to declare laws unconstitutional.

Marshall Supreme Court Cases

: These are landmark decisions made by the U.S. Supreme Court under Chief Justice John Marshall, which established key precedents for federalism, judicial review, and the interpretation of the Constitution.

McCulloch v. Maryland

: A landmark Supreme Court decision from 1819 that ruled states couldn't tax federal institutions like National Bank, asserting national supremacy over state authority.

National Bank

: A national bank is a financial institution chartered and regulated by the federal government. In the context of US history, it refers to two banks established in the early 19th century, which were instrumental in managing the country's finances.

Non-Intercourse Act

: The Non-Intercourse Act was a law passed by the United States Congress in 1809, replacing the Embargo Act of 1807. It aimed to maintain U.S. neutrality during the Napoleonic Wars between Britain and France by prohibiting trade with these nations.

Protective Tariffs

: Protective tariffs are taxes imposed on imported goods with an aim to protect domestic industries from foreign competition by making imported goods more expensive.

Revolution of 1800

: The Revolution of 1800 refers to the presidential election where Thomas Jefferson defeated John Adams. It marked the first peaceful transition of power between political parties (Federalists to Democratic-Republicans) in U.S history.

Second Party System

: The Second Party System refers to the political framework in the United States from about 1828 to 1854, characterized by the dominance of two major parties: the Democrats and the Whigs.

Strict interpretation of Constitution

: This refers to a belief that one should interpret or apply provisions in the U.S. Constitution exactly as they are written without inferring any additional meaning or principles.

Thomas Jefferson

: Thomas Jefferson was an American Founding Father who served as the third President of the United States (1801–1809). He is also known for writing the Declaration of Independence.

Tribal Sovereignty

: Tribal sovereignty refers to the right of indigenous tribes to govern themselves within the borders of the United States.

U.S. Patent and Trademark Office

: The U.S. Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) is an agency of the Department of Commerce that issues patents to inventors and businesses for their inventions, and trademark registration for product and intellectual property identification.

Worcester v. Georgia

: Worcester v. Georgia was a Supreme Court case in 1832 that established tribal sovereignty in the United States, stating that laws passed by U.S. states do not apply within Native American tribal territories.


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AP® and SAT® are trademarks registered by the College Board, which is not affiliated with, and does not endorse this website.


© 2024 Fiveable Inc. All rights reserved.

AP® and SAT® are trademarks registered by the College Board, which is not affiliated with, and does not endorse this website.