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7.9 Causation in Global Conflict

6 min readjanuary 26, 2023

Jed Quiaoit

Jed Quiaoit

VladimirGenkovski

VladimirGenkovski

Jed Quiaoit

Jed Quiaoit

VladimirGenkovski

VladimirGenkovski

At this point, you’ve been exposed to a variety of causes of conflicts from WWI to WWII, but it is also important for you to think about its short-term and long-term implications and consequences to global conflicts as a whole.

Science and Technology

College Board: "Rapid advances in altered the understanding of the universe and the natural world and led to advances in communication, transportation, industry, agriculture, and medicine."

In the field of physics, the development of and the greatly expanded our understanding of the universe and the behavior of matter and energy. The discovery of the atom and the development of led to the creation of nuclear energy and the .

In biology, the discovery of the structure of DNA and the subsequent development of revolutionized the field of medicine. This led to the creation of new treatments and therapies for diseases, as well as the ability to manipulate the genetic makeup of plants and animals.

In communication, the development of in the early 20th century further expanded the ways in which people could communicate and share information. The ability to transmit sound through the airwaves allowed for the creation of radio programs and broadcasts, which provided a new way for people to access news, music, and entertainment. Radio also played a crucial role in emergency communication and was used to transmit critical information during times of war and natural disasters.

, which was first demonstrated in the 1920s, expanded the ways in which people could access information and stay connected even further. The ability to transmit visual images and sound greatly increased the potential for entertainment and educational programming. also played a significant role in shaping public opinion and influencing political and social issues. In transportation, the invention of the and the greatly increased the speed at which people and goods could be moved. The development of the and the creation of the made travel faster and more convenient.

In industry, the introduction of new technologies, such as the and , greatly increased production efficiency and reduced labor costs. This led to the development of and the creation of consumer goods on a scale never before seen.

In agriculture, the development of new technologies such as , , and mechanization greatly increased crop yields and made farming more efficient.

In medicine, the development of new treatments and technologies such as , , and revolutionized the way diseases were treated and prevented. This led to a significant increase in life expectancy and a decrease in mortality rates.

Political and Social Order

College Board: "Peoples and states around the world challenged the existing in varying ways, leading to unprecedented worldwide conflicts."

Balance of Power

The West had the most influence over the global political order. This was due to the power and influence of , which controlled vast territories and resources around the world. European nations had built these empires through military conquest and economic exploitation, and they used their power to maintain political and economic hegemony over the rest of the world. Therefore, global conflicts created new balances of power. After , the US stood on the top before spiraling down alongside Europe during the onset of the . then dominated Southeast and East Asia during the . After , the US and Soviet Russia became the two leading global superpowers that emerged, later on duking it out in the .

End of Empires

What led empires to go away? Firstly, the devastation of and weakened the European powers, both economically and militarily. The wars drained the resources of European nations, and the loss of life and infrastructure further exacerbated the situation. This made it difficult for them to maintain control of their overseas territories. Secondly, the rise of around the world also played a role in the collapse of European empires. These movements, led by people from colonized countries, sought to gain independence from European control. They used a variety of tactics, including political lobbying, strikes, and armed resistance, to achieve their goals. The role of these movements was critical in gaining independence for many countries in Asia and Africa, and their actions forced the European powers to relinquish their control. Therefore, global conflicts marked the end of land-based and maritime empires. Industrialization marked the end of old-school imperialism with castles and primitive guns. With the development of advanced weapons like fighter planes, bombs, artillery, durable amphibious vehicles, and even missiles, land and maritime empires could easily crumble once they gave one hint of weakness in their military arsenals. Examples of empires that collapsed are: , , (not to be confused with or the USSR).

Global conflicts set the world down a path of decolonization. The disastrous transfer of power (colonies → mandates) after WWI and the spread of the ideal of self-determination stirred strong nationalist sentiments from inhabitants of colonies. After the world wars, movements will start to shift their focus once again on establishing an independent state and freeing themselves from their colonizers. The current political and/or social order was also challenged. Notable movements include India from Britain, the prelude to the Chinese Civil War from , from France, from the Netherlands, African states from Europeans, and the Mexican Revolution.

Forms of Government

Global conflicts led to the rise of new . The failure of the old system of capitalism after highlighted the need for some nations to use different methods to run governments and economies. Examples include , (including ), and (new capitalism).

(power is held by the people through elected representatives; economic policies adhere to ), , the , and many European nations
/ (state ownership of the means of production and central planning of the economy)the , , , and
/Nazism (based on authoritarianism, nationalism, and totalitarianism), , ,

In addition to these ideologies, there were other :

(power is held by a king or queen, who typically holds the position for life)the , ,
(authoritarian rule by military officials), ,
(ruled by religious leaders, such as Imams or Popes), , and

🎥Watch: WHAP - Causation in Global Conflict

Key Terms to Review (62)

Airplane

: An airplane is a powered flying vehicle with fixed wings and a weight greater than that of the air it displaces.

Anti-Colonial Movements

: Anti-colonial movements refer to efforts by people living in colonized regions to resist foreign domination and achieve political independence.

Antibiotics

: Antibiotics are medicines that help stop infections by killing bacteria or preventing them from reproducing.

Argentina

: Argentina is a country located in the southern part of South America. It's known for its diverse geography, rich culture, and history that includes periods of Spanish colonial rule, independence struggles, and military dictatorships.

Assembly Line

: An assembly line is a manufacturing process in which parts are added to a product in a sequential manner to create a finished product more quickly and efficiently.

Atomic Bomb

: An atomic bomb is a weapon that uses nuclear reactions to release massive amounts of energy in the form of heat and light.

Automation

: Automation is the use of technology, particularly computer systems and machines, to control and operate various processes and systems in order to improve efficiency and productivity.

Automobile

: An automobile is a wheeled motor vehicle used for transporting passengers, which also carries its own engine or motor.

Balance of Power

: Balance of Power is a concept in international relations that suggests national security is enhanced when military capability is distributed so that no one state is strong enough to dominate all others.

Canada

: Canada is a country located in the northern part of North America. It's known for its vast landscapes, multicultural cities, and as a constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary democracy.

Chemical Fertilizers

: Chemical fertilizers are compounds given to plants with the intention of promoting growth; they are usually applied to the soil. They contain essential nutrients like nitrogen, potassium, and phosphorus that plants need to grow healthy and strong.

China

: China is a country located in East Asia, known for its rich history and culture. It's the world's most populous country and one of the oldest civilizations with a continuous history dating back to at least 2000 BC.

Cold War

: The Cold War was a period of political and military tension between the United States and its allies (the West) and the Soviet Union and its satellite states (the East) from 1947 to 1991. It was characterized by threats, propaganda, and other measures short of open warfare.

Commercial Airline Industry

: The commercial airline industry refers to the sector of aviation that offers scheduled flights for passengers. These airlines transport people, and sometimes cargo, across various distances around the world.

Communism

: Communism is a political theory derived from Karl Marx advocating class war leading to a society in which all property is publicly owned and each person works and is paid according to their abilities and needs.

Cuba

: Cuba is an island nation located in the Caribbean Sea near Key West Florida. Known for its vibrant culture influenced by African, Spanish and other European cultures since colonial times.

Democracies

: Democracies are systems of government where citizens have the power to elect their leaders or representatives through voting.

Diagnostic Imaging

: In the context of world history, diagnostic imaging refers to the techniques and processes used to create images of the human body for clinical purposes or medical science. This includes methods like X-rays, ultrasound, MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging), and CT (Computed Tomography) scans.

DNA Structure

: The DNA structure refers to the double helix shape formed by two strands of nucleotides that carry genetic information.

Egypt

: An ancient civilization located along the Nile River in North Africa known for its pyramids, pharaohs, and contributions to art, science, and culture.

End of Empires

: The "End of Empires" refers to the process through which colonial powers withdrew from their colonies, leading to these territories gaining independence throughout much of Africa, Asia, and elsewhere after World War II.

European Colonial Empires

: These were territories established and ruled by European powers across the world from the 15th to the 20th century. They played a significant role in global trade, politics, and cultural exchange.

Fascism

: Fascism is a political ideology that emerged in early 20th-century Europe which seeks to create an autocratic government led by a dictatorial leader, centralized control over private enterprise, suppression of opposition through force, and extreme nationalism.

Forms of Government

: The forms of government refer to how power is distributed within a state. It can range from democracies where power is given to elected representatives, to autocracies where one person holds all power.

Genetic Engineering

: Genetic engineering is the direct manipulation of an organism's genes using biotechnology. It involves altering, adding, or removing genetic material to achieve desired traits.

Germany

: A country in Central Europe, known for its influential role in world history. It has been a key player in events such as the Protestant Reformation, both World Wars, and the Cold War.

Great Depression

: The Great Depression was a severe worldwide economic depression that took place during the 1930s. It began in the United States after a major fall in stock prices around September 29, 1929, and became worldwide news with the stock market crash of October 29, 1929.

Indonesia

: Indonesia is a Southeast Asian nation made up of thousands of volcanic islands. It's known for its ethnic diversity, strategic location along major sea lanes and significant role in global trade since ancient times.

Interwar Period

: The Interwar Period refers to the time between World War I and World War II (1918-1939). It was marked by significant changes globally including economic depression, rise of totalitarian regimes, technological advancements, etc.

Iran

: Iran, officially known as the Islamic Republic of Iran, is a country in Western Asia. It has a rich history dating back to ancient times and was once home to one of the world's oldest civilizations.

Italy

: Italy is a country located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe. Known for its rich history dating back to ancient times, it became unified as one nation only in 1861.

Japan

: Japan is an island nation located in East Asia known for its unique culture, technological advancements, strong economy, and historical significance.

Jet Engine

: A jet engine is a type of reaction engine discharging a fast-moving jet that generates thrust by jet propulsion in accordance with Newton's laws of motion.

Keynesian Economics

: An economic theory stating that government intervention is necessary to ensure an active and vibrant economy. This theory suggests that during recessions, government should offset the decrease in private spending with an increase in public spending in order to save jobs and stop further economic deterioration.

Mass Production

: Mass production is a method of manufacturing that uses a standardized process in large quantities. It involves the use of assembly lines and often relies on machinery to speed up and simplify the process.

Mechanization in Agriculture

: Mechanization in agriculture refers to the use of machines to perform tasks that were once done manually. This includes everything from plowing and planting to harvesting and processing.

Military Dictatorships

: A form of government where military leaders have complete control over a country's government and society.

Monarchies

: A monarchy is a form of government where power is held by an individual who inherits their position, often called a king or queen, whose powers can vary from absolute to merely ceremonial.

Nuclear Physics

: Nuclear physics is a field of science that studies the constituents, structure, behavior and interactions of atomic nuclei.

Ottoman Empire

: The Ottoman Empire was a state that controlled much of Southeastern Europe, Western Asia, and Northern Africa between the 14th and early 20th centuries. It was founded at the end of the 13th century in northwestern Anatolia by Osman I.

Pesticides

: Pesticides are substances used for destroying insects or other organisms harmful to cultivated plants or animals.

Political and Social Order

: Political and social order refers to how society is organized politically and socially. It involves systems of governance, societal norms, laws, power structures, class hierarchies, etc.

Portugal

: Portugal is a country located in Southern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. It played a significant role during the Age of Discovery in the 15th and 16th centuries, becoming one of the world's major economic, political, and colonial powers.

Qing Dynasty

: The Qing Dynasty, also known as the Manchu Dynasty, was the last imperial dynasty of China, ruling from 1644 to 1912. It was characterized by its powerful bureaucracy and emphasis on Confucian principles.

Quantum Mechanics

: Quantum mechanics is a branch of physics dealing with phenomena on a very small scale such as atoms and subatomic particles.

Radio Technology

: Radio technology refers to the use of electromagnetic waves for transmitting sound information, such as music or speech, without requiring wires.

Russian Empire

: The Russian Empire was a state that existed from 1721 until the Russian Revolution in 1917. It was one of the largest empires in world history, stretching across Eastern Europe, Asia, and North America.

Saudi Arabia

: Saudi Arabia is a country located in the Middle East, known for its vast deserts, oil reserves and as the birthplace of Islam.

Science and Technology

: Science and technology refer to the systematic study of the structure and behavior of the physical and natural world through observation and experiment, as well as the application of scientific knowledge for practical purposes.

Socialism

: Socialism is an economic system where society as a whole (usually through government) owns and controls means of production such as factories, land, resources etc., instead of them being owned by individuals or corporations.

Soviet Union

: Officially known as Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), it was a federal socialist state that existed from 1922 until its dissolution in 1991. It was governed as a single-party state by Communist Party with Moscow as its capital.

Spain

: Spain is a country located on the Iberian Peninsula in southwestern Europe. It's known for its diverse culture and history that spans centuries with influences from various civilizations such as Romans and Moors.

Television

: Television is an electronic system for transmitting visual images and sound that are reproduced on screens. It serves primarily as a medium for entertainment and news dissemination.

Theocratic States

: A theocratic state is a form of government where religious leaders rule in the name of God or a god. The laws are based on religious doctrine and often there's no separation between church and state.

Theory of Relativity

: The theory of relativity, proposed by Albert Einstein, describes gravity as a curvature of space-time caused by mass and energy rather than a force acting between objects.

United Kingdom

: The United Kingdom (UK) is a sovereign state located off the northwestern coast of mainland Europe, comprising England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland.

United States

: A country in North America that is made up of 50 states, a federal district, and five territories. It was established after the American Revolution when the thirteen colonies declared independence from Britain.

Vaccines

: Vaccines are substances used to stimulate the production of antibodies and provide immunity against one or several diseases.

Vatican City

: Vatican City is an independent city-state enclaved within Rome, Italy. It serves as the spiritual and administrative headquarters of the Roman Catholic Church and is ruled by the Pope.

Vietnam

: Vietnam is a Southeast Asian country known for its history of warfare and resilience. It's famous for its diverse culture, beautiful landscapes, and delicious cuisine.

World War I

: A major global conflict that took place from 1914 to 1918 involving many world powers divided into two opposing alliances - The Allies (including UK, France and Russia) and The Central Powers (including Germany and Austria-Hungary).

World War II

: World War II was a global conflict that took place from 1939 to 1945, involving many of the world's nations divided into two military alliances: the Allies and the Axis. It is considered the most widespread war in history.

7.9 Causation in Global Conflict

6 min readjanuary 26, 2023

Jed Quiaoit

Jed Quiaoit

VladimirGenkovski

VladimirGenkovski

Jed Quiaoit

Jed Quiaoit

VladimirGenkovski

VladimirGenkovski

At this point, you’ve been exposed to a variety of causes of conflicts from WWI to WWII, but it is also important for you to think about its short-term and long-term implications and consequences to global conflicts as a whole.

Science and Technology

College Board: "Rapid advances in altered the understanding of the universe and the natural world and led to advances in communication, transportation, industry, agriculture, and medicine."

In the field of physics, the development of and the greatly expanded our understanding of the universe and the behavior of matter and energy. The discovery of the atom and the development of led to the creation of nuclear energy and the .

In biology, the discovery of the structure of DNA and the subsequent development of revolutionized the field of medicine. This led to the creation of new treatments and therapies for diseases, as well as the ability to manipulate the genetic makeup of plants and animals.

In communication, the development of in the early 20th century further expanded the ways in which people could communicate and share information. The ability to transmit sound through the airwaves allowed for the creation of radio programs and broadcasts, which provided a new way for people to access news, music, and entertainment. Radio also played a crucial role in emergency communication and was used to transmit critical information during times of war and natural disasters.

, which was first demonstrated in the 1920s, expanded the ways in which people could access information and stay connected even further. The ability to transmit visual images and sound greatly increased the potential for entertainment and educational programming. also played a significant role in shaping public opinion and influencing political and social issues. In transportation, the invention of the and the greatly increased the speed at which people and goods could be moved. The development of the and the creation of the made travel faster and more convenient.

In industry, the introduction of new technologies, such as the and , greatly increased production efficiency and reduced labor costs. This led to the development of and the creation of consumer goods on a scale never before seen.

In agriculture, the development of new technologies such as , , and mechanization greatly increased crop yields and made farming more efficient.

In medicine, the development of new treatments and technologies such as , , and revolutionized the way diseases were treated and prevented. This led to a significant increase in life expectancy and a decrease in mortality rates.

Political and Social Order

College Board: "Peoples and states around the world challenged the existing in varying ways, leading to unprecedented worldwide conflicts."

Balance of Power

The West had the most influence over the global political order. This was due to the power and influence of , which controlled vast territories and resources around the world. European nations had built these empires through military conquest and economic exploitation, and they used their power to maintain political and economic hegemony over the rest of the world. Therefore, global conflicts created new balances of power. After , the US stood on the top before spiraling down alongside Europe during the onset of the . then dominated Southeast and East Asia during the . After , the US and Soviet Russia became the two leading global superpowers that emerged, later on duking it out in the .

End of Empires

What led empires to go away? Firstly, the devastation of and weakened the European powers, both economically and militarily. The wars drained the resources of European nations, and the loss of life and infrastructure further exacerbated the situation. This made it difficult for them to maintain control of their overseas territories. Secondly, the rise of around the world also played a role in the collapse of European empires. These movements, led by people from colonized countries, sought to gain independence from European control. They used a variety of tactics, including political lobbying, strikes, and armed resistance, to achieve their goals. The role of these movements was critical in gaining independence for many countries in Asia and Africa, and their actions forced the European powers to relinquish their control. Therefore, global conflicts marked the end of land-based and maritime empires. Industrialization marked the end of old-school imperialism with castles and primitive guns. With the development of advanced weapons like fighter planes, bombs, artillery, durable amphibious vehicles, and even missiles, land and maritime empires could easily crumble once they gave one hint of weakness in their military arsenals. Examples of empires that collapsed are: , , (not to be confused with or the USSR).

Global conflicts set the world down a path of decolonization. The disastrous transfer of power (colonies → mandates) after WWI and the spread of the ideal of self-determination stirred strong nationalist sentiments from inhabitants of colonies. After the world wars, movements will start to shift their focus once again on establishing an independent state and freeing themselves from their colonizers. The current political and/or social order was also challenged. Notable movements include India from Britain, the prelude to the Chinese Civil War from , from France, from the Netherlands, African states from Europeans, and the Mexican Revolution.

Forms of Government

Global conflicts led to the rise of new . The failure of the old system of capitalism after highlighted the need for some nations to use different methods to run governments and economies. Examples include , (including ), and (new capitalism).

(power is held by the people through elected representatives; economic policies adhere to ), , the , and many European nations
/ (state ownership of the means of production and central planning of the economy)the , , , and
/Nazism (based on authoritarianism, nationalism, and totalitarianism), , ,

In addition to these ideologies, there were other :

(power is held by a king or queen, who typically holds the position for life)the , ,
(authoritarian rule by military officials), ,
(ruled by religious leaders, such as Imams or Popes), , and

🎥Watch: WHAP - Causation in Global Conflict

Key Terms to Review (62)

Airplane

: An airplane is a powered flying vehicle with fixed wings and a weight greater than that of the air it displaces.

Anti-Colonial Movements

: Anti-colonial movements refer to efforts by people living in colonized regions to resist foreign domination and achieve political independence.

Antibiotics

: Antibiotics are medicines that help stop infections by killing bacteria or preventing them from reproducing.

Argentina

: Argentina is a country located in the southern part of South America. It's known for its diverse geography, rich culture, and history that includes periods of Spanish colonial rule, independence struggles, and military dictatorships.

Assembly Line

: An assembly line is a manufacturing process in which parts are added to a product in a sequential manner to create a finished product more quickly and efficiently.

Atomic Bomb

: An atomic bomb is a weapon that uses nuclear reactions to release massive amounts of energy in the form of heat and light.

Automation

: Automation is the use of technology, particularly computer systems and machines, to control and operate various processes and systems in order to improve efficiency and productivity.

Automobile

: An automobile is a wheeled motor vehicle used for transporting passengers, which also carries its own engine or motor.

Balance of Power

: Balance of Power is a concept in international relations that suggests national security is enhanced when military capability is distributed so that no one state is strong enough to dominate all others.

Canada

: Canada is a country located in the northern part of North America. It's known for its vast landscapes, multicultural cities, and as a constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary democracy.

Chemical Fertilizers

: Chemical fertilizers are compounds given to plants with the intention of promoting growth; they are usually applied to the soil. They contain essential nutrients like nitrogen, potassium, and phosphorus that plants need to grow healthy and strong.

China

: China is a country located in East Asia, known for its rich history and culture. It's the world's most populous country and one of the oldest civilizations with a continuous history dating back to at least 2000 BC.

Cold War

: The Cold War was a period of political and military tension between the United States and its allies (the West) and the Soviet Union and its satellite states (the East) from 1947 to 1991. It was characterized by threats, propaganda, and other measures short of open warfare.

Commercial Airline Industry

: The commercial airline industry refers to the sector of aviation that offers scheduled flights for passengers. These airlines transport people, and sometimes cargo, across various distances around the world.

Communism

: Communism is a political theory derived from Karl Marx advocating class war leading to a society in which all property is publicly owned and each person works and is paid according to their abilities and needs.

Cuba

: Cuba is an island nation located in the Caribbean Sea near Key West Florida. Known for its vibrant culture influenced by African, Spanish and other European cultures since colonial times.

Democracies

: Democracies are systems of government where citizens have the power to elect their leaders or representatives through voting.

Diagnostic Imaging

: In the context of world history, diagnostic imaging refers to the techniques and processes used to create images of the human body for clinical purposes or medical science. This includes methods like X-rays, ultrasound, MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging), and CT (Computed Tomography) scans.

DNA Structure

: The DNA structure refers to the double helix shape formed by two strands of nucleotides that carry genetic information.

Egypt

: An ancient civilization located along the Nile River in North Africa known for its pyramids, pharaohs, and contributions to art, science, and culture.

End of Empires

: The "End of Empires" refers to the process through which colonial powers withdrew from their colonies, leading to these territories gaining independence throughout much of Africa, Asia, and elsewhere after World War II.

European Colonial Empires

: These were territories established and ruled by European powers across the world from the 15th to the 20th century. They played a significant role in global trade, politics, and cultural exchange.

Fascism

: Fascism is a political ideology that emerged in early 20th-century Europe which seeks to create an autocratic government led by a dictatorial leader, centralized control over private enterprise, suppression of opposition through force, and extreme nationalism.

Forms of Government

: The forms of government refer to how power is distributed within a state. It can range from democracies where power is given to elected representatives, to autocracies where one person holds all power.

Genetic Engineering

: Genetic engineering is the direct manipulation of an organism's genes using biotechnology. It involves altering, adding, or removing genetic material to achieve desired traits.

Germany

: A country in Central Europe, known for its influential role in world history. It has been a key player in events such as the Protestant Reformation, both World Wars, and the Cold War.

Great Depression

: The Great Depression was a severe worldwide economic depression that took place during the 1930s. It began in the United States after a major fall in stock prices around September 29, 1929, and became worldwide news with the stock market crash of October 29, 1929.

Indonesia

: Indonesia is a Southeast Asian nation made up of thousands of volcanic islands. It's known for its ethnic diversity, strategic location along major sea lanes and significant role in global trade since ancient times.

Interwar Period

: The Interwar Period refers to the time between World War I and World War II (1918-1939). It was marked by significant changes globally including economic depression, rise of totalitarian regimes, technological advancements, etc.

Iran

: Iran, officially known as the Islamic Republic of Iran, is a country in Western Asia. It has a rich history dating back to ancient times and was once home to one of the world's oldest civilizations.

Italy

: Italy is a country located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe. Known for its rich history dating back to ancient times, it became unified as one nation only in 1861.

Japan

: Japan is an island nation located in East Asia known for its unique culture, technological advancements, strong economy, and historical significance.

Jet Engine

: A jet engine is a type of reaction engine discharging a fast-moving jet that generates thrust by jet propulsion in accordance with Newton's laws of motion.

Keynesian Economics

: An economic theory stating that government intervention is necessary to ensure an active and vibrant economy. This theory suggests that during recessions, government should offset the decrease in private spending with an increase in public spending in order to save jobs and stop further economic deterioration.

Mass Production

: Mass production is a method of manufacturing that uses a standardized process in large quantities. It involves the use of assembly lines and often relies on machinery to speed up and simplify the process.

Mechanization in Agriculture

: Mechanization in agriculture refers to the use of machines to perform tasks that were once done manually. This includes everything from plowing and planting to harvesting and processing.

Military Dictatorships

: A form of government where military leaders have complete control over a country's government and society.

Monarchies

: A monarchy is a form of government where power is held by an individual who inherits their position, often called a king or queen, whose powers can vary from absolute to merely ceremonial.

Nuclear Physics

: Nuclear physics is a field of science that studies the constituents, structure, behavior and interactions of atomic nuclei.

Ottoman Empire

: The Ottoman Empire was a state that controlled much of Southeastern Europe, Western Asia, and Northern Africa between the 14th and early 20th centuries. It was founded at the end of the 13th century in northwestern Anatolia by Osman I.

Pesticides

: Pesticides are substances used for destroying insects or other organisms harmful to cultivated plants or animals.

Political and Social Order

: Political and social order refers to how society is organized politically and socially. It involves systems of governance, societal norms, laws, power structures, class hierarchies, etc.

Portugal

: Portugal is a country located in Southern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. It played a significant role during the Age of Discovery in the 15th and 16th centuries, becoming one of the world's major economic, political, and colonial powers.

Qing Dynasty

: The Qing Dynasty, also known as the Manchu Dynasty, was the last imperial dynasty of China, ruling from 1644 to 1912. It was characterized by its powerful bureaucracy and emphasis on Confucian principles.

Quantum Mechanics

: Quantum mechanics is a branch of physics dealing with phenomena on a very small scale such as atoms and subatomic particles.

Radio Technology

: Radio technology refers to the use of electromagnetic waves for transmitting sound information, such as music or speech, without requiring wires.

Russian Empire

: The Russian Empire was a state that existed from 1721 until the Russian Revolution in 1917. It was one of the largest empires in world history, stretching across Eastern Europe, Asia, and North America.

Saudi Arabia

: Saudi Arabia is a country located in the Middle East, known for its vast deserts, oil reserves and as the birthplace of Islam.

Science and Technology

: Science and technology refer to the systematic study of the structure and behavior of the physical and natural world through observation and experiment, as well as the application of scientific knowledge for practical purposes.

Socialism

: Socialism is an economic system where society as a whole (usually through government) owns and controls means of production such as factories, land, resources etc., instead of them being owned by individuals or corporations.

Soviet Union

: Officially known as Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), it was a federal socialist state that existed from 1922 until its dissolution in 1991. It was governed as a single-party state by Communist Party with Moscow as its capital.

Spain

: Spain is a country located on the Iberian Peninsula in southwestern Europe. It's known for its diverse culture and history that spans centuries with influences from various civilizations such as Romans and Moors.

Television

: Television is an electronic system for transmitting visual images and sound that are reproduced on screens. It serves primarily as a medium for entertainment and news dissemination.

Theocratic States

: A theocratic state is a form of government where religious leaders rule in the name of God or a god. The laws are based on religious doctrine and often there's no separation between church and state.

Theory of Relativity

: The theory of relativity, proposed by Albert Einstein, describes gravity as a curvature of space-time caused by mass and energy rather than a force acting between objects.

United Kingdom

: The United Kingdom (UK) is a sovereign state located off the northwestern coast of mainland Europe, comprising England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland.

United States

: A country in North America that is made up of 50 states, a federal district, and five territories. It was established after the American Revolution when the thirteen colonies declared independence from Britain.

Vaccines

: Vaccines are substances used to stimulate the production of antibodies and provide immunity against one or several diseases.

Vatican City

: Vatican City is an independent city-state enclaved within Rome, Italy. It serves as the spiritual and administrative headquarters of the Roman Catholic Church and is ruled by the Pope.

Vietnam

: Vietnam is a Southeast Asian country known for its history of warfare and resilience. It's famous for its diverse culture, beautiful landscapes, and delicious cuisine.

World War I

: A major global conflict that took place from 1914 to 1918 involving many world powers divided into two opposing alliances - The Allies (including UK, France and Russia) and The Central Powers (including Germany and Austria-Hungary).

World War II

: World War II was a global conflict that took place from 1939 to 1945, involving many of the world's nations divided into two military alliances: the Allies and the Axis. It is considered the most widespread war in history.


© 2024 Fiveable Inc. All rights reserved.

AP® and SAT® are trademarks registered by the College Board, which is not affiliated with, and does not endorse this website.


© 2024 Fiveable Inc. All rights reserved.

AP® and SAT® are trademarks registered by the College Board, which is not affiliated with, and does not endorse this website.