4.2 Exploration: Causes and Events from 1450 to 1750
6 min read•january 8, 2023
Amanda DoAmaral
Dalia Savy
Amanda DoAmaral
Dalia Savy
4.2 Required Course Content
Thematic Foci
Governance - A variety of internal and external factors contribute to state formation, expansion, and decline. Governments maintain order through a variety of administrative institutions, policies, and procedures, and governments obtain, retain, and exercise power in different ways and for different purposes.
Economics Systems - As societies develop, they affect and are affected by the ways that they produce, exchange, and consume goods and services.
College Board Learning Objectives
Describe the role of states in the expansion of maritime exploration from 1450 to 1750.
Explain the economic causes and effects of maritime exploration by the various European states.
Historical Developments
KC-4.1.III – New state-supported transoceanic maritime exploration occurred in this period.
KC-4.1.III.A – and led to increased travel to and trade with Africa and Asia and resulted in the construction of a .
KC-4.1.III.B – Spanish sponsorship of the voyages of Columbus and subsequent voyages across the Atlantic and Pacific dramatically increased European interest in transoceanic travel and trade.
KC-4.1.III.C were undertaken under English, French, and , often with the goal of finding alternative sailing routes to Asia
Motives for Exploration
There were several reasons why Europeans were motivated to explore in the 15th and 16th centuries, including:
💰 The : European powers were seeking new sources of gold, silver, and other valuable resources. They also wanted to establish trade routes and connections with other countries in order to increase their own wealth and the wealth of their sponsoring states.
💪🏽 The : European powers saw exploration as a way to expand their empires and increase their global influence. By and trade routes, they could gain more control over distant regions and gain a strategic advantage over their rivals.
🧠 The : Many explorers were driven by a desire to learn about the world and to discover new lands, peoples, and cultures. They wanted to explore the unknown and bring back information and artifacts that could help to expand human knowledge.
✝️ The : Some explorers were motivated by religious beliefs and a desire to spread Christianity to new areas.
🗺 The : Many explorers were drawn to the excitement and challenge of exploration, and they were willing to take risks in order to make important discoveries.
At this time, European powers were competing with each other for colonies, trade routes, and resources, and they saw as a way to gain an advantage over their rivals. These policies encouraged and further incentivized exploration around the world, as they were designed to increase the wealth and power of the state.
Some examples of mercantilist policies:
Restricting or banning the import of certain goods: This was meant to protect domestic industries from foreign competition and encourage people to buy locally-produced goods.
Subsidizing exports: Governments would provide financial support to domestic industries that exported their goods, in order to make them more competitive in foreign markets.
Establishing colonies: European powers often established colonies in other parts of the world in order to exploit the natural resources and labor of those regions.
Regulating trade: Governments would often impose tariffs and other restrictions on trade in order to control the flow of goods into and out of the country.
Encouraging the : Mercantilist thinkers believed that a country's wealth was measured by the number of precious metals it possessed, so they encouraged people to mine and trade gold and silver.
This infographic shows some must-know European explorers who populated the new world as well as their empires of origin.
Achievements in Exploration
Portugal
The discovery of the : In 1497, led the first European voyage to sail directly from Europe to India. He completed the journey in 1498, reaching the port of Calicut on the southwest coast of India. This voyage opened up a new trade route between Europe and India and helped to establish Portugal as a major maritime power.
The : The Portuguese were the first Europeans to systematically explore the coast of Africa. They established trading posts and colonies along the coast, and they were able to gain control over the trade in gold, ivory, and slaves. This gave them a significant economic and political advantage over their rivals.
: Portuguese explorers contributed significantly to the mapping of the world, including the exploration of the coast of South America and the discovery of the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa.
Spanish
The : The Spanish were the first Europeans to explore and conquer the Americas, beginning with the voyage of in 1492. They established colonies in Central and South America, and they were able to gain significant wealth and power through the exploitation of the natural resources and labor of these regions.
The : In 1519, the Spanish explorer set out on a voyage to circumnavigate the globe. He was the first person to lead an expedition that successfully completed a circumnavigation, although he did not survive the journey. The voyage was completed by the Spanish explorer in 1522. This achievement demonstrated the power and reach of the Spanish empire, and it opened up new opportunities for trade and exploration.
British
The : led an expedition to North America, and he was the first European to explore the east coast of Canada. He claimed the region for the British crown, and he established the first British settlement in North America, at Newfoundland. In 1607, the British established the first permanent English settlement in North America, at . In 1609, the British explorer led an expedition to North America in search of a northwest passage to Asia.
The : In the late 18th century, the British explorer led three expeditions to the Pacific, and he made many important discoveries about the geography, climate, and peoples of this region. He explored the east coast of Australia, the islands of the Pacific, and the northwest coast of North America, and he was the first European to make contact with many of the indigenous peoples of these regions.
Exploring and claiming territory in the Philippines: Spanish explorer led the first expedition to circumnavigate the globe, and Spain established colonies in the Philippines as a result of this journey.
French
The : The French were among the first Europeans to explore the regions of North America, including present-day Canada, the United States, and the Caribbean. They established colonies and trading posts in these regions, and they were able to gain significant wealth and influence through the trade in furs, timber, and other natural resources.
The exploration of the Arctic: The French were among the first Europeans to explore the Arctic regions. In 1534, the French explorer led an expedition to the Arctic. The French were also instrumental in the development of new technologies that improved Arctic exploration, including the use of sledges and iceboats to travel over ice, and the use of heating stoves to keep ships and crews warm in the freezing Arctic climate.
Exploring and claiming territory in Africa: French explorers, such as and , led expeditions to explore and claim territory in Africa.
Dutch
The exploration of the East Indies: The Dutch were among the first Europeans to explore and trade with the East Indies, and they established colonies and trading posts in present-day Indonesia, Malaysia, and Singapore. They were able to gain significant wealth and influence through the trade in spices, gold, and other valuable resources.
The exploration of the Arctic: In 1594, the Dutch explorer led an expedition to the Arctic in search of a northeast passage to Asia. In the 17th century, the Dutch began to establish whaling stations in the Arctic, where they hunted for whales and processed their oil for use as fuel and lamp oil.
The creators of this guide combined their professional expertise with ChatGPT to create the most comprehensive guide for AP World History students.
Key Terms to Review (43)
Accumulation of Gold and Silver
: This is the process where countries increase their wealth by gathering large amounts of gold and silver. During colonial times, this was often achieved through conquests, trade, or mining in colonies.Christopher Columbus
: An Italian explorer who completed four voyages across the Atlantic Ocean, opening the way for widespread European exploration and the eventual conquest of the Americas by Europeans. His expeditions, sponsored by the Catholic Monarchs of Spain, were the first European contact with the Caribbean, Central America, and South America.Circumnavigation of the globe
: Circumnavigation is navigation completely around an entire island, continent or astronomical body (e.g., Earth). In context with AP World History Modern course content, it usually refers to voyages that went around planet Earth.Conquest of the Americas
: This term refers to exploration and colonization by European powers (especially Spain) across North and South America following Christopher Columbus' discovery in 1492. It involved subjugation and often extermination of indigenous populations.Desire for Adventure
: Desire for adventure refers to an intrinsic motivation that drives individuals or groups to explore new territories or experiences beyond their familiar environment.Desire for wealth
: The strong inclination or aspiration to accumulate material wealth, often associated with the pursuit of luxury and comfort.Dutch sponsorship
: Dutch sponsorship refers to financial backing given by Dutch authorities or wealthy merchants for voyages of discovery, trade missions, and colonial settlements during the Age of Discovery.English sponsorship
: This refers to financial support provided by the English monarchy or private English investors for expeditions and colonies in the New World during the Age of Exploration.Establishing Colonies
: This refers to the practice by which nations create settlements in distant territories for purposes such as resource extraction, trade expansion, or strategic advantage over other nations.European Explorers
: These were individuals from Europe who traveled to uncharted territories around the world during the Age of Exploration. They sought new routes for trade, spread Christianity, and gathered knowledge about the world.Exploration of Arctic regions
: The exploration of Arctic regions refers to the discovery and investigation of the polar areas located in the northernmost part of Earth. This includes territories like Greenland, Canada's far north, Siberia, and the North Pole.Exploration of North America
: The exploration of North America refers to a period when European nations began sending explorers to discover unknown lands, resources, and potential colonies in North America during the Age of Discovery.Exploration of the African coast
: The exploration of the African coast refers to the period during which European explorers mapped out the coastal regions of Africa, primarily in search for maritime trade routes.Exploration of the Pacific
: The exploration of the Pacific refers to the period during which European explorers discovered and mapped out the vast Pacific Ocean, its islands, and its surrounding lands.Ferdinand Magellan
: Ferdinand Magellan was a Portuguese explorer who organized the Spanish expedition to the East Indies from 1519 to 1522, resulting in the first circumnavigation of the Earth.Ferdinand Magellan (Philippines)
: Ferdinand Magellan was a Portuguese explorer who organized Spanish expedition to East Indies from 1519-1522. He reached Philippines where he died but his crew continued journey back home thus completing first circumnavigation around Earth.French sponsorship
: French sponsorship refers to the financial and political support provided by the French monarchy or government for explorations, expeditions, and colonization during the Age of Exploration.Global trading-post empire
: This refers to an empire built on controlling trade rather than large territories or populations. The Portuguese, for example, established a global trading-post empire with outposts along Africa's coasts, in India, and in Southeast Asia.Henri de Tonti
: Henri de Tonti (1649–1704) was an Italian-born explorer who played a key role in early French expeditions into North America, particularly around Great Lakes region and Mississippi River valley.Henry Hudson
: Henry Hudson was an English sea explorer and navigator during the early 17th century. He is best known for his exploration of present-day Canada and parts of northeastern United States while searching for a northwest passage to Asia.Jacques Cartier
: Jacques Cartier was a French explorer who made three voyages to North America in the 16th century. He is best known for exploring the Saint Lawrence River and laying claim to Canada as a French colony.James Cook
: James Cook was a British explorer, navigator, and cartographer in the 18th century. He is best known for his three voyages to the Pacific Ocean, where he mapped many areas and recorded several islands and coastlines on European maps for the first time.Jamestown, Virginia
: Jamestown, Virginia was the first permanent English settlement in North America, established by the Virginia Company in 1607.John Cabot
: John Cabot was an Italian explorer and navigator who is credited with discovering parts of North America under the commission of Henry VII of England in the late 15th century.Juan Sebastian Elcano
: Juan Sebastian Elcano was a Spanish explorer who completed the first circumnavigation of Earth after Magellan's death during their voyage in 1522.Mapping the World
: This refers to the process of creating visual representations of the earth's surface. It involves identifying and plotting geographical features, boundaries, and locations.Mercantilism
: Mercantilism is an economic theory that advocates for a positive balance of trade, where a country exports more than it imports. It was popular during the 16th to 18th centuries and often involved the mother country exploiting its colonies for resources.Motives for Exploration
: The motives for exploration refer to the various reasons that prompted European nations to explore and colonize new lands during the Age of Discovery. These included economic gain, religious conversion, competition for power, and scientific curiosity.Navigational skills
: These are abilities required for planning, recording, and controlling the movement of a craft or vehicle from one location to another. In history context, it often refers specifically to seafaring skills such as using maps and compasses, observing stars for direction etc.Northern Atlantic crossings
: These are sea journeys made across the northern part of the Atlantic Ocean, often referring to those made by various explorers during Age of Discovery seeking new lands or trade routes.Portuguese development of maritime technology
: This refers to the advancements in shipbuilding, navigation, and map-making by the Portuguese during the Age of Discovery (15th-17th centuries), which allowed them to explore and establish trade routes across the world's oceans.Pursuit of power
: The relentless drive to gain authority or control over others; this could be within social groups, organizations, countries etc.Quest for knowledge
: The continuous search for understanding about ourselves and our universe; this includes scientific discoveries, philosophical inquiries etc.Regulating Trade
: This refers to the control and management of trade activities by a governing body, often through laws and regulations. It includes setting tariffs, quotas, or restrictions on imports and exports.René-Robert Cavelier
: René-Robert Cavelier, also known as Sieur de La Salle (1643–1687), was a French explorer who led expeditions through the Great Lakes region of the United States and Canada, down the Mississippi River valley to the Gulf of Mexico.Restricting Imports
: This is a policy where a country limits the goods and services that can be brought in from other countries. It's often done to protect domestic industries from foreign competition.Sea Route to India
: The sea route to India is the path taken by explorers (like Vasco da Gama) around Africa's Cape of Good Hope that connected Europe with South Asia via maritime travel.Settlement at Newfoundland
: The settlement at Newfoundland refers to the establishment of colonies by European nations, particularly England, on the island of Newfoundland in modern-day Canada.Spanish sponsorship of Columbus' voyages
: This refers to the financial support provided by the Spanish monarchy, specifically King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella, for Christopher Columbus's expeditions across the Atlantic Ocean in search of a new route to Asia.Spread of Christianity
: The spread of Christianity refers to the expansion of the Christian faith across different continents, cultures, and societies since its inception. This process involved missionaries, trade, colonization, and other forms of contact.Subsidizing Exports
: This is when a government provides financial assistance to domestic businesses, enabling them to sell their products overseas at lower prices, thereby increasing their competitiveness in international markets.Vasco de Gama
: Vasco de Gama was a Portuguese explorer and the first European to reach India by sea, linking Europe and Asia for the first time by an ocean route.Willem Barentsz
: Willem Barentsz was a Dutch navigator and explorer in the late 16th century. He is most known for his attempts to find the Northeast Passage to Asia.4.2 Exploration: Causes and Events from 1450 to 1750
6 min read•january 8, 2023
Amanda DoAmaral
Dalia Savy
Amanda DoAmaral
Dalia Savy
4.2 Required Course Content
Thematic Foci
Governance - A variety of internal and external factors contribute to state formation, expansion, and decline. Governments maintain order through a variety of administrative institutions, policies, and procedures, and governments obtain, retain, and exercise power in different ways and for different purposes.
Economics Systems - As societies develop, they affect and are affected by the ways that they produce, exchange, and consume goods and services.
College Board Learning Objectives
Describe the role of states in the expansion of maritime exploration from 1450 to 1750.
Explain the economic causes and effects of maritime exploration by the various European states.
Historical Developments
KC-4.1.III – New state-supported transoceanic maritime exploration occurred in this period.
KC-4.1.III.A – and led to increased travel to and trade with Africa and Asia and resulted in the construction of a .
KC-4.1.III.B – Spanish sponsorship of the voyages of Columbus and subsequent voyages across the Atlantic and Pacific dramatically increased European interest in transoceanic travel and trade.
KC-4.1.III.C were undertaken under English, French, and , often with the goal of finding alternative sailing routes to Asia
Motives for Exploration
There were several reasons why Europeans were motivated to explore in the 15th and 16th centuries, including:
💰 The : European powers were seeking new sources of gold, silver, and other valuable resources. They also wanted to establish trade routes and connections with other countries in order to increase their own wealth and the wealth of their sponsoring states.
💪🏽 The : European powers saw exploration as a way to expand their empires and increase their global influence. By and trade routes, they could gain more control over distant regions and gain a strategic advantage over their rivals.
🧠 The : Many explorers were driven by a desire to learn about the world and to discover new lands, peoples, and cultures. They wanted to explore the unknown and bring back information and artifacts that could help to expand human knowledge.
✝️ The : Some explorers were motivated by religious beliefs and a desire to spread Christianity to new areas.
🗺 The : Many explorers were drawn to the excitement and challenge of exploration, and they were willing to take risks in order to make important discoveries.
At this time, European powers were competing with each other for colonies, trade routes, and resources, and they saw as a way to gain an advantage over their rivals. These policies encouraged and further incentivized exploration around the world, as they were designed to increase the wealth and power of the state.
Some examples of mercantilist policies:
Restricting or banning the import of certain goods: This was meant to protect domestic industries from foreign competition and encourage people to buy locally-produced goods.
Subsidizing exports: Governments would provide financial support to domestic industries that exported their goods, in order to make them more competitive in foreign markets.
Establishing colonies: European powers often established colonies in other parts of the world in order to exploit the natural resources and labor of those regions.
Regulating trade: Governments would often impose tariffs and other restrictions on trade in order to control the flow of goods into and out of the country.
Encouraging the : Mercantilist thinkers believed that a country's wealth was measured by the number of precious metals it possessed, so they encouraged people to mine and trade gold and silver.
This infographic shows some must-know European explorers who populated the new world as well as their empires of origin.
Achievements in Exploration
Portugal
The discovery of the : In 1497, led the first European voyage to sail directly from Europe to India. He completed the journey in 1498, reaching the port of Calicut on the southwest coast of India. This voyage opened up a new trade route between Europe and India and helped to establish Portugal as a major maritime power.
The : The Portuguese were the first Europeans to systematically explore the coast of Africa. They established trading posts and colonies along the coast, and they were able to gain control over the trade in gold, ivory, and slaves. This gave them a significant economic and political advantage over their rivals.
: Portuguese explorers contributed significantly to the mapping of the world, including the exploration of the coast of South America and the discovery of the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa.
Spanish
The : The Spanish were the first Europeans to explore and conquer the Americas, beginning with the voyage of in 1492. They established colonies in Central and South America, and they were able to gain significant wealth and power through the exploitation of the natural resources and labor of these regions.
The : In 1519, the Spanish explorer set out on a voyage to circumnavigate the globe. He was the first person to lead an expedition that successfully completed a circumnavigation, although he did not survive the journey. The voyage was completed by the Spanish explorer in 1522. This achievement demonstrated the power and reach of the Spanish empire, and it opened up new opportunities for trade and exploration.
British
The : led an expedition to North America, and he was the first European to explore the east coast of Canada. He claimed the region for the British crown, and he established the first British settlement in North America, at Newfoundland. In 1607, the British established the first permanent English settlement in North America, at . In 1609, the British explorer led an expedition to North America in search of a northwest passage to Asia.
The : In the late 18th century, the British explorer led three expeditions to the Pacific, and he made many important discoveries about the geography, climate, and peoples of this region. He explored the east coast of Australia, the islands of the Pacific, and the northwest coast of North America, and he was the first European to make contact with many of the indigenous peoples of these regions.
Exploring and claiming territory in the Philippines: Spanish explorer led the first expedition to circumnavigate the globe, and Spain established colonies in the Philippines as a result of this journey.
French
The : The French were among the first Europeans to explore the regions of North America, including present-day Canada, the United States, and the Caribbean. They established colonies and trading posts in these regions, and they were able to gain significant wealth and influence through the trade in furs, timber, and other natural resources.
The exploration of the Arctic: The French were among the first Europeans to explore the Arctic regions. In 1534, the French explorer led an expedition to the Arctic. The French were also instrumental in the development of new technologies that improved Arctic exploration, including the use of sledges and iceboats to travel over ice, and the use of heating stoves to keep ships and crews warm in the freezing Arctic climate.
Exploring and claiming territory in Africa: French explorers, such as and , led expeditions to explore and claim territory in Africa.
Dutch
The exploration of the East Indies: The Dutch were among the first Europeans to explore and trade with the East Indies, and they established colonies and trading posts in present-day Indonesia, Malaysia, and Singapore. They were able to gain significant wealth and influence through the trade in spices, gold, and other valuable resources.
The exploration of the Arctic: In 1594, the Dutch explorer led an expedition to the Arctic in search of a northeast passage to Asia. In the 17th century, the Dutch began to establish whaling stations in the Arctic, where they hunted for whales and processed their oil for use as fuel and lamp oil.
The creators of this guide combined their professional expertise with ChatGPT to create the most comprehensive guide for AP World History students.
Key Terms to Review (43)
Accumulation of Gold and Silver
: This is the process where countries increase their wealth by gathering large amounts of gold and silver. During colonial times, this was often achieved through conquests, trade, or mining in colonies.Christopher Columbus
: An Italian explorer who completed four voyages across the Atlantic Ocean, opening the way for widespread European exploration and the eventual conquest of the Americas by Europeans. His expeditions, sponsored by the Catholic Monarchs of Spain, were the first European contact with the Caribbean, Central America, and South America.Circumnavigation of the globe
: Circumnavigation is navigation completely around an entire island, continent or astronomical body (e.g., Earth). In context with AP World History Modern course content, it usually refers to voyages that went around planet Earth.Conquest of the Americas
: This term refers to exploration and colonization by European powers (especially Spain) across North and South America following Christopher Columbus' discovery in 1492. It involved subjugation and often extermination of indigenous populations.Desire for Adventure
: Desire for adventure refers to an intrinsic motivation that drives individuals or groups to explore new territories or experiences beyond their familiar environment.Desire for wealth
: The strong inclination or aspiration to accumulate material wealth, often associated with the pursuit of luxury and comfort.Dutch sponsorship
: Dutch sponsorship refers to financial backing given by Dutch authorities or wealthy merchants for voyages of discovery, trade missions, and colonial settlements during the Age of Discovery.English sponsorship
: This refers to financial support provided by the English monarchy or private English investors for expeditions and colonies in the New World during the Age of Exploration.Establishing Colonies
: This refers to the practice by which nations create settlements in distant territories for purposes such as resource extraction, trade expansion, or strategic advantage over other nations.European Explorers
: These were individuals from Europe who traveled to uncharted territories around the world during the Age of Exploration. They sought new routes for trade, spread Christianity, and gathered knowledge about the world.Exploration of Arctic regions
: The exploration of Arctic regions refers to the discovery and investigation of the polar areas located in the northernmost part of Earth. This includes territories like Greenland, Canada's far north, Siberia, and the North Pole.Exploration of North America
: The exploration of North America refers to a period when European nations began sending explorers to discover unknown lands, resources, and potential colonies in North America during the Age of Discovery.Exploration of the African coast
: The exploration of the African coast refers to the period during which European explorers mapped out the coastal regions of Africa, primarily in search for maritime trade routes.Exploration of the Pacific
: The exploration of the Pacific refers to the period during which European explorers discovered and mapped out the vast Pacific Ocean, its islands, and its surrounding lands.Ferdinand Magellan
: Ferdinand Magellan was a Portuguese explorer who organized the Spanish expedition to the East Indies from 1519 to 1522, resulting in the first circumnavigation of the Earth.Ferdinand Magellan (Philippines)
: Ferdinand Magellan was a Portuguese explorer who organized Spanish expedition to East Indies from 1519-1522. He reached Philippines where he died but his crew continued journey back home thus completing first circumnavigation around Earth.French sponsorship
: French sponsorship refers to the financial and political support provided by the French monarchy or government for explorations, expeditions, and colonization during the Age of Exploration.Global trading-post empire
: This refers to an empire built on controlling trade rather than large territories or populations. The Portuguese, for example, established a global trading-post empire with outposts along Africa's coasts, in India, and in Southeast Asia.Henri de Tonti
: Henri de Tonti (1649–1704) was an Italian-born explorer who played a key role in early French expeditions into North America, particularly around Great Lakes region and Mississippi River valley.Henry Hudson
: Henry Hudson was an English sea explorer and navigator during the early 17th century. He is best known for his exploration of present-day Canada and parts of northeastern United States while searching for a northwest passage to Asia.Jacques Cartier
: Jacques Cartier was a French explorer who made three voyages to North America in the 16th century. He is best known for exploring the Saint Lawrence River and laying claim to Canada as a French colony.James Cook
: James Cook was a British explorer, navigator, and cartographer in the 18th century. He is best known for his three voyages to the Pacific Ocean, where he mapped many areas and recorded several islands and coastlines on European maps for the first time.Jamestown, Virginia
: Jamestown, Virginia was the first permanent English settlement in North America, established by the Virginia Company in 1607.John Cabot
: John Cabot was an Italian explorer and navigator who is credited with discovering parts of North America under the commission of Henry VII of England in the late 15th century.Juan Sebastian Elcano
: Juan Sebastian Elcano was a Spanish explorer who completed the first circumnavigation of Earth after Magellan's death during their voyage in 1522.Mapping the World
: This refers to the process of creating visual representations of the earth's surface. It involves identifying and plotting geographical features, boundaries, and locations.Mercantilism
: Mercantilism is an economic theory that advocates for a positive balance of trade, where a country exports more than it imports. It was popular during the 16th to 18th centuries and often involved the mother country exploiting its colonies for resources.Motives for Exploration
: The motives for exploration refer to the various reasons that prompted European nations to explore and colonize new lands during the Age of Discovery. These included economic gain, religious conversion, competition for power, and scientific curiosity.Navigational skills
: These are abilities required for planning, recording, and controlling the movement of a craft or vehicle from one location to another. In history context, it often refers specifically to seafaring skills such as using maps and compasses, observing stars for direction etc.Northern Atlantic crossings
: These are sea journeys made across the northern part of the Atlantic Ocean, often referring to those made by various explorers during Age of Discovery seeking new lands or trade routes.Portuguese development of maritime technology
: This refers to the advancements in shipbuilding, navigation, and map-making by the Portuguese during the Age of Discovery (15th-17th centuries), which allowed them to explore and establish trade routes across the world's oceans.Pursuit of power
: The relentless drive to gain authority or control over others; this could be within social groups, organizations, countries etc.Quest for knowledge
: The continuous search for understanding about ourselves and our universe; this includes scientific discoveries, philosophical inquiries etc.Regulating Trade
: This refers to the control and management of trade activities by a governing body, often through laws and regulations. It includes setting tariffs, quotas, or restrictions on imports and exports.René-Robert Cavelier
: René-Robert Cavelier, also known as Sieur de La Salle (1643–1687), was a French explorer who led expeditions through the Great Lakes region of the United States and Canada, down the Mississippi River valley to the Gulf of Mexico.Restricting Imports
: This is a policy where a country limits the goods and services that can be brought in from other countries. It's often done to protect domestic industries from foreign competition.Sea Route to India
: The sea route to India is the path taken by explorers (like Vasco da Gama) around Africa's Cape of Good Hope that connected Europe with South Asia via maritime travel.Settlement at Newfoundland
: The settlement at Newfoundland refers to the establishment of colonies by European nations, particularly England, on the island of Newfoundland in modern-day Canada.Spanish sponsorship of Columbus' voyages
: This refers to the financial support provided by the Spanish monarchy, specifically King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella, for Christopher Columbus's expeditions across the Atlantic Ocean in search of a new route to Asia.Spread of Christianity
: The spread of Christianity refers to the expansion of the Christian faith across different continents, cultures, and societies since its inception. This process involved missionaries, trade, colonization, and other forms of contact.Subsidizing Exports
: This is when a government provides financial assistance to domestic businesses, enabling them to sell their products overseas at lower prices, thereby increasing their competitiveness in international markets.Vasco de Gama
: Vasco de Gama was a Portuguese explorer and the first European to reach India by sea, linking Europe and Asia for the first time by an ocean route.Willem Barentsz
: Willem Barentsz was a Dutch navigator and explorer in the late 16th century. He is most known for his attempts to find the Northeast Passage to Asia.
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