AMSCO 5.6 Industrialization: Government's Role Notes
1 min read•october 3, 2023
📍Topic 5.6 Environmental Consequences of Connectivity
📖 AMSCO p.317 - p.321
Main Idea
Key Timeline
Image Courtesy of Rashmi Korukonda
Things to Know
Ottoman Empire
- The Ottoman Empire declined due to corruption, territorial losses, and ethnic nationalism.
- European nations, notably Russia, perceived chances for territorial expansion as the Ottoman Empire weakened, seizing opportunities for territorial gains.
- Dissolution of the Ottoman Empire after World War I, leading to the emergence of the Republic of Turkey and independent nations.
China
- Suffered two humiliations in the 19th century: the Opium War and the split into "spheres of influence".
- Foreign domination in the 19th century left China's central government too weak to promote industrialization effectively for decades.
- The central government's weakness and inability to respond effectively to Western challenges.
Japan
- Japan's isolation from 1600 to 1854 and limited contact with the rest of the world.
- Arrival of Commodore Matthew Perry in 1853, demanding trade privileges and foreign trade.
- Threat posed by Western powers led to Japanese realization of the danger they faced.
- Overthrow of the shogunate and restoration of imperial rule in 1868, known as the Meiji Restoration.
Muhammad Ali (Ottoman) and Egyptian Industrialization
- Muhammad Ali, an Albanian Ottoman officer, gained prominence and became the new governor of Egypt.
- Ali's semi-independence from the Ottoman sultan allowed him to undertake reforms.
- Reforms included modernizing the military, establishing schools, and starting an official newspaper.
- Taxation of peasants at high rates to gain control of cotton production and agricultural products.
- State-sponsored industrialization, with textile factories, armament production, and shipbuilding.
- Muhammad Ali's vision of state-sponsored industrialization positioned him as Egypt's first great modern ruler.
Meiji Restoration (Japan)
- Overthrow of the shogunate and restoration of imperial rule in Japan in 1868.
- Japan's rapid transition to a modern, industrialized country within a short period.
- Comprehensive reforms based on Western innovations to protect traditional culture.
- Abolition of feudalism, establishment of a constitutional monarchy, and equality before the law.
- Reorganization of the military, expansion of educational opportunities, and development of infrastructure.
- Subsidized industrialization in key industries, stimulating rapid economic growth.
- Role of private investments, including zaibatsu, in fostering innovation and industrial development in Japan.
Terms to Remember
| Term | Definition + Significance |
| "Sick Man of Europe" | A derogatory nickname given to the declining Ottoman Empire, highlighting its weakness, corruption, and vulnerability to external influence, notably from European powers. |
| Opium War | A conflict between China and Britain (1839-1842) over the opium trade, which resulted in Chinese humiliation, territorial losses, and the weakening of the central government. |
| "Spheres of Influence" | Regions within China where foreign powers had significant control and influence, leading to further humiliation and the weakening of Chinese sovereignty. |
| Centralized Government in Japan | A strong and unified government structure in Japan during the Meiji Restoration, which played a crucial role in implementing reforms, modernization, and industrialization. |
| Muhammed Ali | An Albanian Ottoman officer who became the governor of Egypt and implemented a series of modernization and industrialization efforts, making Egypt a more powerful and industrialized region. |
| Industrialization in Ottoman Empire | The process of adopting modern industrial methods and technologies within the Ottoman Empire, primarily initiated by Muhammad Ali in Egypt, with the aim of increasing economic and military strength. |
| Meiji Restoration | A period of radical political, social, and economic reforms in Japan following the overthrow of the shogunate and the restoration of imperial rule in 1868, leading to Japan's rapid industrialization and modernization. |
| Charter Oath | A set of five general principles issued in 1868 during the Meiji Restoration, formally abolishing feudalism and outlining key reforms aimed at modernizing and transforming Japan into a more centralized and industrialized state. |
| Zaibatsu | Powerful Japanese family business conglomerates that played a significant role in the industrialization and modernization of Japan, controlling key industries and contributing to the country's economic growth. |
| Toyoda Loom Works | A company founded by a carpenter in 1906, which later evolved into the Toyota Motor Company, showcasing the impact of private investments and entrepreneurship on Japan's industrial development. |
AMSCO 5.6 Industrialization: Government's Role Notes
1 min read•october 3, 2023
📍Topic 5.6 Environmental Consequences of Connectivity
📖 AMSCO p.317 - p.321
Main Idea
Key Timeline
Image Courtesy of Rashmi Korukonda
Things to Know
Ottoman Empire
- The Ottoman Empire declined due to corruption, territorial losses, and ethnic nationalism.
- European nations, notably Russia, perceived chances for territorial expansion as the Ottoman Empire weakened, seizing opportunities for territorial gains.
- Dissolution of the Ottoman Empire after World War I, leading to the emergence of the Republic of Turkey and independent nations.
China
- Suffered two humiliations in the 19th century: the Opium War and the split into "spheres of influence".
- Foreign domination in the 19th century left China's central government too weak to promote industrialization effectively for decades.
- The central government's weakness and inability to respond effectively to Western challenges.
Japan
- Japan's isolation from 1600 to 1854 and limited contact with the rest of the world.
- Arrival of Commodore Matthew Perry in 1853, demanding trade privileges and foreign trade.
- Threat posed by Western powers led to Japanese realization of the danger they faced.
- Overthrow of the shogunate and restoration of imperial rule in 1868, known as the Meiji Restoration.
Muhammad Ali (Ottoman) and Egyptian Industrialization
- Muhammad Ali, an Albanian Ottoman officer, gained prominence and became the new governor of Egypt.
- Ali's semi-independence from the Ottoman sultan allowed him to undertake reforms.
- Reforms included modernizing the military, establishing schools, and starting an official newspaper.
- Taxation of peasants at high rates to gain control of cotton production and agricultural products.
- State-sponsored industrialization, with textile factories, armament production, and shipbuilding.
- Muhammad Ali's vision of state-sponsored industrialization positioned him as Egypt's first great modern ruler.
Meiji Restoration (Japan)
- Overthrow of the shogunate and restoration of imperial rule in Japan in 1868.
- Japan's rapid transition to a modern, industrialized country within a short period.
- Comprehensive reforms based on Western innovations to protect traditional culture.
- Abolition of feudalism, establishment of a constitutional monarchy, and equality before the law.
- Reorganization of the military, expansion of educational opportunities, and development of infrastructure.
- Subsidized industrialization in key industries, stimulating rapid economic growth.
- Role of private investments, including zaibatsu, in fostering innovation and industrial development in Japan.
Terms to Remember
| Term | Definition + Significance |
| "Sick Man of Europe" | A derogatory nickname given to the declining Ottoman Empire, highlighting its weakness, corruption, and vulnerability to external influence, notably from European powers. |
| Opium War | A conflict between China and Britain (1839-1842) over the opium trade, which resulted in Chinese humiliation, territorial losses, and the weakening of the central government. |
| "Spheres of Influence" | Regions within China where foreign powers had significant control and influence, leading to further humiliation and the weakening of Chinese sovereignty. |
| Centralized Government in Japan | A strong and unified government structure in Japan during the Meiji Restoration, which played a crucial role in implementing reforms, modernization, and industrialization. |
| Muhammed Ali | An Albanian Ottoman officer who became the governor of Egypt and implemented a series of modernization and industrialization efforts, making Egypt a more powerful and industrialized region. |
| Industrialization in Ottoman Empire | The process of adopting modern industrial methods and technologies within the Ottoman Empire, primarily initiated by Muhammad Ali in Egypt, with the aim of increasing economic and military strength. |
| Meiji Restoration | A period of radical political, social, and economic reforms in Japan following the overthrow of the shogunate and the restoration of imperial rule in 1868, leading to Japan's rapid industrialization and modernization. |
| Charter Oath | A set of five general principles issued in 1868 during the Meiji Restoration, formally abolishing feudalism and outlining key reforms aimed at modernizing and transforming Japan into a more centralized and industrialized state. |
| Zaibatsu | Powerful Japanese family business conglomerates that played a significant role in the industrialization and modernization of Japan, controlling key industries and contributing to the country's economic growth. |
| Toyoda Loom Works | A company founded by a carpenter in 1906, which later evolved into the Toyota Motor Company, showcasing the impact of private investments and entrepreneurship on Japan's industrial development. |
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