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3.3 Gravitational and Electric Forces

4 min readjanuary 19, 2023

Kashvi Panjolia

Kashvi Panjolia

Peter Apps

Peter Apps

Kashvi Panjolia

Kashvi Panjolia

Peter Apps

Peter Apps

Gravitational Force

describes the interaction of one object with mass with another object with mass.

https://firebasestorage.googleapis.com/v0/b/fiveable-92889.appspot.com/o/images%2F-njmf8ZJP1W7k.webp?alt=media&token=2ce55f4f-dd18-4d57-a16f-a51c1c59c713

Image courtesy of Giphy.

Gravity is the force by which a planet or other body draws objects toward its center. The force of gravity keeps all of the planets in orbit around the sun. Earth's gravity is what keeps you on the ground and what makes things fall. This force is always attractive. The is a long-range force, meaning it acts at a distance and does not need to touch the object to act on it. In AP Physics 1, the is the only long-range force you will learn. All the other forces are contact forces because they need to be actively touching the object in order to act on the object.

The becomes important only when the masses of the objects are very large, such as planets and stars. The is responsible for the orbits of planets and moons, the motion of comets, the formation of galaxies and galaxy clusters, and the behavior of the large-scale structure of the universe.

Equation: Fg = mg, where Fg is the force of gravity in Newtons, m is mass in kilograms, and g is the acceleration due to gravity in m/s/s

As you already know, g is the acceleration due to gravity on the Earth's surface, and has a value of 9.8 m/s^2. To calculate g, we can use the equation g = Fg/m, which is obtained by dividing both sides of the equation above by m.

Newton's Universal Law of Gravitation

Every particle attracts every other particle in the universe with a force that is directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between their centers. These relationships are modeled by the equation below. This law applies to all objects in the universe and explains the observed gravitational attraction between masses.

Equation: Fg = G(m1*m2)/r^2, where Fg is the Force of Gravity in Newtons, G is the (6.7 x 10^-11 N*m^2/kg^2), m is mass in kilograms, and r is the radius in meters.

The is a very small number, which means that the force of gravity between two objects is usually very weak. This is why you are not significantly attracted to the pencil next to you. However, the pencil does have a very weak , as does every object in the universe.

Since the product of the two masses in the equation for Newton's Law of Gravitation is in the numerator, we can conclude that an increase in either of the masses (while keeping all other variables constant) will cause an increase in the , establishing a directly proportional relationship between the masses and the force. Since r^2, the distance between the two masses, is in the denominator of this equation, we can conclude that an increase in r will result in a decrease in the . More specifically, an increase in r will decrease the force by 1/(r^2), creating an inverse-square relationship between the distance between the two masses and the .

https://firebasestorage.googleapis.com/v0/b/fiveable-92889.appspot.com/o/images%2FScreen%20Shot%202020-04-08%20at%203.57.33%20PM.png?alt=media&token=4c7ea7ef-159d-4507-870e-be74fc43c865

https://firebasestorage.googleapis.com/v0/b/fiveable-92889.appspot.com/o/images%2FScreen%20Shot%202020-04-08%20at%204.00.29%20PM.png?alt=media&token=e542a975-23b5-4f1f-bb41-1d1b3a063435

Practice Problems

1. Two objects with masses of 10 kg and 5 kg are located 3 meters apart. What is the between them?

a) 0.22 N

b) 2.2 N

c) 22 N

d) 220 N

Answer: a) 0.22 N

Explanation: F = G(m1m2)/r^2 = (6.67x10^-11)(10 kg)(5 kg)/(3^2) = 0.22 N

2. A planet with a mass of 5 x 10^24 kg is located 1.5 x 10^11 meters away from a star with a mass of 2 x 10^30 kg. What is the between them?

a) 2.22 x 10^11 N

b) 2.22 x 10^13 N

c) 2.22 x 10^15 N

d) 2.22 x 10^17 N

Answer: d) 2.22 x 10^17 N

Explanation: F = G(m1*m2)/r^2 = (6.67x10^-11)(5 x 10^24)(2 x 10^30)/((1.5 x 10^11)^2) = 2.22 x 10^17 N

3. A satellite with a mass of 500 kg is located at a distance of 1000 km from the center of Earth, which has a mass of 5.97 x 10^24 kg. What is the acting on the satellite?

a) 1.96 x 10^4 N

b) 3.92 x 10^4 N

c) 7.84 x 10^4 N

d) 1.57 x 10^5 N

Answer: c) 7.84 x 10^4 N

Explanation: F = G(m1*m2)/r^2 = (6.67x10^-11)(500)(5.97 x 10^24)/((1000 x 10^3)^2) = 7.84 x 10^4 N

🎥Watch: AP Physics 1 - Unit 3 Streams

Key Terms to Review (2)

Gravitational Constant

: The gravitational constant, denoted by G, is a fundamental physical constant that represents the strength of the gravitational force between two objects.

Gravitational Force

: Gravitational force is the attractive force between two objects with mass. It depends on the masses of the objects and the distance between them.

3.3 Gravitational and Electric Forces

4 min readjanuary 19, 2023

Kashvi Panjolia

Kashvi Panjolia

Peter Apps

Peter Apps

Kashvi Panjolia

Kashvi Panjolia

Peter Apps

Peter Apps

Gravitational Force

describes the interaction of one object with mass with another object with mass.

https://firebasestorage.googleapis.com/v0/b/fiveable-92889.appspot.com/o/images%2F-njmf8ZJP1W7k.webp?alt=media&token=2ce55f4f-dd18-4d57-a16f-a51c1c59c713

Image courtesy of Giphy.

Gravity is the force by which a planet or other body draws objects toward its center. The force of gravity keeps all of the planets in orbit around the sun. Earth's gravity is what keeps you on the ground and what makes things fall. This force is always attractive. The is a long-range force, meaning it acts at a distance and does not need to touch the object to act on it. In AP Physics 1, the is the only long-range force you will learn. All the other forces are contact forces because they need to be actively touching the object in order to act on the object.

The becomes important only when the masses of the objects are very large, such as planets and stars. The is responsible for the orbits of planets and moons, the motion of comets, the formation of galaxies and galaxy clusters, and the behavior of the large-scale structure of the universe.

Equation: Fg = mg, where Fg is the force of gravity in Newtons, m is mass in kilograms, and g is the acceleration due to gravity in m/s/s

As you already know, g is the acceleration due to gravity on the Earth's surface, and has a value of 9.8 m/s^2. To calculate g, we can use the equation g = Fg/m, which is obtained by dividing both sides of the equation above by m.

Newton's Universal Law of Gravitation

Every particle attracts every other particle in the universe with a force that is directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between their centers. These relationships are modeled by the equation below. This law applies to all objects in the universe and explains the observed gravitational attraction between masses.

Equation: Fg = G(m1*m2)/r^2, where Fg is the Force of Gravity in Newtons, G is the (6.7 x 10^-11 N*m^2/kg^2), m is mass in kilograms, and r is the radius in meters.

The is a very small number, which means that the force of gravity between two objects is usually very weak. This is why you are not significantly attracted to the pencil next to you. However, the pencil does have a very weak , as does every object in the universe.

Since the product of the two masses in the equation for Newton's Law of Gravitation is in the numerator, we can conclude that an increase in either of the masses (while keeping all other variables constant) will cause an increase in the , establishing a directly proportional relationship between the masses and the force. Since r^2, the distance between the two masses, is in the denominator of this equation, we can conclude that an increase in r will result in a decrease in the . More specifically, an increase in r will decrease the force by 1/(r^2), creating an inverse-square relationship between the distance between the two masses and the .

https://firebasestorage.googleapis.com/v0/b/fiveable-92889.appspot.com/o/images%2FScreen%20Shot%202020-04-08%20at%203.57.33%20PM.png?alt=media&token=4c7ea7ef-159d-4507-870e-be74fc43c865

https://firebasestorage.googleapis.com/v0/b/fiveable-92889.appspot.com/o/images%2FScreen%20Shot%202020-04-08%20at%204.00.29%20PM.png?alt=media&token=e542a975-23b5-4f1f-bb41-1d1b3a063435

Practice Problems

1. Two objects with masses of 10 kg and 5 kg are located 3 meters apart. What is the between them?

a) 0.22 N

b) 2.2 N

c) 22 N

d) 220 N

Answer: a) 0.22 N

Explanation: F = G(m1m2)/r^2 = (6.67x10^-11)(10 kg)(5 kg)/(3^2) = 0.22 N

2. A planet with a mass of 5 x 10^24 kg is located 1.5 x 10^11 meters away from a star with a mass of 2 x 10^30 kg. What is the between them?

a) 2.22 x 10^11 N

b) 2.22 x 10^13 N

c) 2.22 x 10^15 N

d) 2.22 x 10^17 N

Answer: d) 2.22 x 10^17 N

Explanation: F = G(m1*m2)/r^2 = (6.67x10^-11)(5 x 10^24)(2 x 10^30)/((1.5 x 10^11)^2) = 2.22 x 10^17 N

3. A satellite with a mass of 500 kg is located at a distance of 1000 km from the center of Earth, which has a mass of 5.97 x 10^24 kg. What is the acting on the satellite?

a) 1.96 x 10^4 N

b) 3.92 x 10^4 N

c) 7.84 x 10^4 N

d) 1.57 x 10^5 N

Answer: c) 7.84 x 10^4 N

Explanation: F = G(m1*m2)/r^2 = (6.67x10^-11)(500)(5.97 x 10^24)/((1000 x 10^3)^2) = 7.84 x 10^4 N

🎥Watch: AP Physics 1 - Unit 3 Streams

Key Terms to Review (2)

Gravitational Constant

: The gravitational constant, denoted by G, is a fundamental physical constant that represents the strength of the gravitational force between two objects.

Gravitational Force

: Gravitational force is the attractive force between two objects with mass. It depends on the masses of the objects and the distance between them.


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© 2024 Fiveable Inc. All rights reserved.

AP® and SAT® are trademarks registered by the College Board, which is not affiliated with, and does not endorse this website.