6 min read•january 26, 2023
hunter_borg
hunter_borg
Use this study guide as a refresher after instruction from your professional Latin instructor/teacher. As it is AP Latin, you will be expected to learn the grammar in class except for questions which we will go over again. The main purpose of this study guide is to provide 80% literal, 20% interpretative translations and to break down the text, context, and grammar. What interpretative means is that it is not the literal Latin translation but that it has been restructured in some way to better fit the modern English vernacular.
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1. What is the subject of the verb "habebant" in sentence 2?
2. What is the object of the verb "immittit" in sentence 6?
3. What is the subject of the verb "coniciunt" in sentence 6?
4. What is the verb in sentence 8?
5. What is the subject of the verb "ferr" in sentence 13?
1. The subject of the verb "habebant" in sentence 2 is "hi" (Pullo and Vorenus).
2. The object of the verb "immittit" in sentence 6 is "pilum" (a spear).
3. The subject of the verb "coniciunt" in sentence 6 is "hostes" (the enemies).
4. The verb in sentence 8 is "averit" (turns).
5. The subject of the verb "ferr" in sentence 13 is "Pullo" (Pullo).
Chapter 44
In that legion there were two very brave men, centurions, who were now approaching the first ranks, T. Pulfio, and L. Varenus. These used to have continual disputes between them which of them should be preferred, and every year used to contend for promotion with the utmost animosity. When the fight was going on most vigorously before the fortifications, Pulfio, one of them, says, "Why do you hesitate, Varenus? or what [better] opportunity of signalizing your valor do you seek? This very day shall decide our disputes." When he had uttered these words, he proceeds beyond the fortifications, and rushes on that part of the enemy which appeared the thickest. Nor does Varenus remain within the rampart, but respecting the high opinion of all, follows close after. Then, when an inconsiderable space intervened, Pulfio throws his javelin at the enemy, and pierces one of the multitude who was running up, and while the latter was wounded and slain, the enemy cover him with their shields, and all throw their weapons at the other and afford him no opportunity of retreating. The shield of Pulfio is pierced and a javelin is fastened in his belt. This circumstance turns aside his scabbard and obstructs his right hand when attempting to draw his sword: the enemy crowd around him when [thus] embarrassed. His rival runs up to him and succors him in this emergency. Immediately the whole host turn from Pulfio to him, supposing the other to be pierced through by the javelin. Varenus rushes on briskly with his sword and carries on the combat hand to hand, and having slain one man, for a short time drove back the rest: while he urges on too eagerly, slipping into a hollow, he fell. To him, in his turn, when surrounded, Pulfio brings relief; and both having slain a great number, retreat into the fortifications amid the highest applause. Fortune so dealt with both in this rivalry and conflict, that the one competitor was a succor and a safeguard to the other, nor could it be determined which of the two appeared worthy of being preferred to the other. Chapter 45 In proportion as the attack became daily more formidable and violent, and particularly, because, as a great number of the soldiers were exhausted with wounds, the matter had come to a small number of defenders, more frequent letters and messages were sent to Caesar; a part of which messengers were taken and tortured to death in the sight of our soldiers. There was within our camp a certain Nervian, by name Vertico, born in a distinguished position, who in the beginning of the blockade had deserted to Cicero, and had exhibited his fidelity to him. He persuades his slave, by the hope of freedom, and by great rewards, to convey a letter to Caesar. This he carries out bound about his javelin; and mixing among the Gauls without any suspicion by being a Gaul, he reaches Caesar. From him they received information of the imminent danger of Cicero and the legion. Chapter 46 Caesar having received the letter about the eleventh hour of the day, immediately sends a messenger to the Bellovaci, to M. Crassus, questor there, whose winter-quarters were twenty-five miles distant from him. He orders the legion to set forward in the middle of the night, and come to him with dispatch. Crassus sets out with the messenger. He sends another to C. Fabius, the lieutenant, ordering him to lead forth his legion into the territories of the Atrebates, to which he knew his march must be made. He writes to Labienus to come with his legion to the frontiers of the Nervii, if he could do so to the advantage of the commonwealth: he does not consider that the remaining portion of the army, because it was somewhat further distant, should be waited for; but assembles about 400 horse from the nearest winter-quarters.Almost done with Unit 7 Latin translation! Keep going, you've got this!
Atrebatium
: Atrebatium refers to the people of the ancient Celtic tribe called the Atrebates, who inhabited an area in present-day France and Belgium. They were known for their skilled warriors and their resistance against Roman conquest.Balteo
: Balteo is a Latin word that means "belt" or "girdle," specifically referring to the belt worn around the waist by Roman soldiers to hold their weapons and equipment.Centuriones
: Centuriones were high-ranking officers in the ancient Roman army who commanded a century, a unit of around 80 soldiers. They were known for their leadership skills and strict discipline.Comentarii de Bello Gallico
: Comentarii de Bello Gallico is a Latin phrase that translates to "Commentaries on the Gallic War." It refers to a firsthand account written by Julius Caesar about his military campaigns in Gaul.Equites
: Equites were a social class in ancient Rome consisting of wealthy individuals who owned horses and served as cavalry in the Roman army. They held significant political and economic power.Gaius Fabius
: Gaius Fabius was a Roman general during the Second Punic War, known for his military tactics and leadership skills.Labienus
: Labienus was a Roman military officer who served under Julius Caesar during the Gallic Wars. He later defected to join the side of Pompey in the Roman Civil War.Legatus
: In ancient Rome, a legatus referred to an individual appointed by high-ranking officials or generals to serve as their deputy or representative.M. Crassus
: M. Crassus (Marcus Licinius Crassus) was a Roman general and politician who played a significant role in the late Roman Republic. He was known for his wealth, military campaigns, and involvement in the First Triumvirate.Munitiones
: Munitiones refers to fortifications or defensive structures built by the Romans during warfare. These structures provided protection to soldiers from enemy attacks.Nerviorum
: Nerviorum refers to the Nervii, a powerful Belgic tribe that inhabited an area in present-day Belgium during ancient times. They were known for their fierce resistance against Roman conquest and their skilled warriors.Nervius
: The Nervius was a Gallic tribe that inhabited the region of modern-day Belgium. They were known for their fierce resistance against Roman conquest.Pilum
: A pilum was a type of javelin used by Roman soldiers. It had a long iron shaft with a pyramidal head, designed to penetrate enemy shields and armor.Quaestor
: A quaestor was a financial officer in ancient Rome who was responsible for managing the treasury and public finances.Scutis
: Scutis refers to the large shields used by Roman soldiers for protection in battle.Vertico
: Vertico is a Latin verb meaning "to turn around" or "to spin." It can also be used metaphorically to describe changing direction or shifting focus.Verutum
: Verutum is a Latin term that refers to a heavy javelin or spear used by Roman infantrymen.6 min read•january 26, 2023
hunter_borg
hunter_borg
Use this study guide as a refresher after instruction from your professional Latin instructor/teacher. As it is AP Latin, you will be expected to learn the grammar in class except for questions which we will go over again. The main purpose of this study guide is to provide 80% literal, 20% interpretative translations and to break down the text, context, and grammar. What interpretative means is that it is not the literal Latin translation but that it has been restructured in some way to better fit the modern English vernacular.
[
[
[
1. What is the subject of the verb "habebant" in sentence 2?
2. What is the object of the verb "immittit" in sentence 6?
3. What is the subject of the verb "coniciunt" in sentence 6?
4. What is the verb in sentence 8?
5. What is the subject of the verb "ferr" in sentence 13?
1. The subject of the verb "habebant" in sentence 2 is "hi" (Pullo and Vorenus).
2. The object of the verb "immittit" in sentence 6 is "pilum" (a spear).
3. The subject of the verb "coniciunt" in sentence 6 is "hostes" (the enemies).
4. The verb in sentence 8 is "averit" (turns).
5. The subject of the verb "ferr" in sentence 13 is "Pullo" (Pullo).
Chapter 44
In that legion there were two very brave men, centurions, who were now approaching the first ranks, T. Pulfio, and L. Varenus. These used to have continual disputes between them which of them should be preferred, and every year used to contend for promotion with the utmost animosity. When the fight was going on most vigorously before the fortifications, Pulfio, one of them, says, "Why do you hesitate, Varenus? or what [better] opportunity of signalizing your valor do you seek? This very day shall decide our disputes." When he had uttered these words, he proceeds beyond the fortifications, and rushes on that part of the enemy which appeared the thickest. Nor does Varenus remain within the rampart, but respecting the high opinion of all, follows close after. Then, when an inconsiderable space intervened, Pulfio throws his javelin at the enemy, and pierces one of the multitude who was running up, and while the latter was wounded and slain, the enemy cover him with their shields, and all throw their weapons at the other and afford him no opportunity of retreating. The shield of Pulfio is pierced and a javelin is fastened in his belt. This circumstance turns aside his scabbard and obstructs his right hand when attempting to draw his sword: the enemy crowd around him when [thus] embarrassed. His rival runs up to him and succors him in this emergency. Immediately the whole host turn from Pulfio to him, supposing the other to be pierced through by the javelin. Varenus rushes on briskly with his sword and carries on the combat hand to hand, and having slain one man, for a short time drove back the rest: while he urges on too eagerly, slipping into a hollow, he fell. To him, in his turn, when surrounded, Pulfio brings relief; and both having slain a great number, retreat into the fortifications amid the highest applause. Fortune so dealt with both in this rivalry and conflict, that the one competitor was a succor and a safeguard to the other, nor could it be determined which of the two appeared worthy of being preferred to the other. Chapter 45 In proportion as the attack became daily more formidable and violent, and particularly, because, as a great number of the soldiers were exhausted with wounds, the matter had come to a small number of defenders, more frequent letters and messages were sent to Caesar; a part of which messengers were taken and tortured to death in the sight of our soldiers. There was within our camp a certain Nervian, by name Vertico, born in a distinguished position, who in the beginning of the blockade had deserted to Cicero, and had exhibited his fidelity to him. He persuades his slave, by the hope of freedom, and by great rewards, to convey a letter to Caesar. This he carries out bound about his javelin; and mixing among the Gauls without any suspicion by being a Gaul, he reaches Caesar. From him they received information of the imminent danger of Cicero and the legion. Chapter 46 Caesar having received the letter about the eleventh hour of the day, immediately sends a messenger to the Bellovaci, to M. Crassus, questor there, whose winter-quarters were twenty-five miles distant from him. He orders the legion to set forward in the middle of the night, and come to him with dispatch. Crassus sets out with the messenger. He sends another to C. Fabius, the lieutenant, ordering him to lead forth his legion into the territories of the Atrebates, to which he knew his march must be made. He writes to Labienus to come with his legion to the frontiers of the Nervii, if he could do so to the advantage of the commonwealth: he does not consider that the remaining portion of the army, because it was somewhat further distant, should be waited for; but assembles about 400 horse from the nearest winter-quarters.Almost done with Unit 7 Latin translation! Keep going, you've got this!
Atrebatium
: Atrebatium refers to the people of the ancient Celtic tribe called the Atrebates, who inhabited an area in present-day France and Belgium. They were known for their skilled warriors and their resistance against Roman conquest.Balteo
: Balteo is a Latin word that means "belt" or "girdle," specifically referring to the belt worn around the waist by Roman soldiers to hold their weapons and equipment.Centuriones
: Centuriones were high-ranking officers in the ancient Roman army who commanded a century, a unit of around 80 soldiers. They were known for their leadership skills and strict discipline.Comentarii de Bello Gallico
: Comentarii de Bello Gallico is a Latin phrase that translates to "Commentaries on the Gallic War." It refers to a firsthand account written by Julius Caesar about his military campaigns in Gaul.Equites
: Equites were a social class in ancient Rome consisting of wealthy individuals who owned horses and served as cavalry in the Roman army. They held significant political and economic power.Gaius Fabius
: Gaius Fabius was a Roman general during the Second Punic War, known for his military tactics and leadership skills.Labienus
: Labienus was a Roman military officer who served under Julius Caesar during the Gallic Wars. He later defected to join the side of Pompey in the Roman Civil War.Legatus
: In ancient Rome, a legatus referred to an individual appointed by high-ranking officials or generals to serve as their deputy or representative.M. Crassus
: M. Crassus (Marcus Licinius Crassus) was a Roman general and politician who played a significant role in the late Roman Republic. He was known for his wealth, military campaigns, and involvement in the First Triumvirate.Munitiones
: Munitiones refers to fortifications or defensive structures built by the Romans during warfare. These structures provided protection to soldiers from enemy attacks.Nerviorum
: Nerviorum refers to the Nervii, a powerful Belgic tribe that inhabited an area in present-day Belgium during ancient times. They were known for their fierce resistance against Roman conquest and their skilled warriors.Nervius
: The Nervius was a Gallic tribe that inhabited the region of modern-day Belgium. They were known for their fierce resistance against Roman conquest.Pilum
: A pilum was a type of javelin used by Roman soldiers. It had a long iron shaft with a pyramidal head, designed to penetrate enemy shields and armor.Quaestor
: A quaestor was a financial officer in ancient Rome who was responsible for managing the treasury and public finances.Scutis
: Scutis refers to the large shields used by Roman soldiers for protection in battle.Vertico
: Vertico is a Latin verb meaning "to turn around" or "to spin." It can also be used metaphorically to describe changing direction or shifting focus.Verutum
: Verutum is a Latin term that refers to a heavy javelin or spear used by Roman infantrymen.© 2024 Fiveable Inc. All rights reserved.
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