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Jillian Holbrook

Jillian Holbrook

Jillian Holbrook

Jillian Holbrook

Development and Spread of Nationalism

One of the easiest ways to unite people is through a common enemy. The development of nationalism in Europe was a response to and his . first implemented nationalist policies in France through a state language, a common law code, and symbols like the in an effort to unite the French so he could pursue his foreign policy. 🇫🇷

European nations reacted to the through their responses to . The British people focused their efforts on production to defeat rather than striking in factories. The Spanish fought French troops over ’s brother assuming the Spanish throne. The common disdain for made people give allegiance to their own nations.

Some of the most notable nationalists included , the , , and the .

🎥 Watch: AP European History - Nationalism & Imperialism

Effects of Nationalism

Nationalists encouraged loyalty to the nation in a variety of ways, including , , , and .

Rise in Anti-Semitism

The nationalist movement to find commonalities in heritage, language, and religion among citizens often excluded groups as well.

Anti-Semitism is prejudice or hostility against Jews. Jewish heritage is centered in the Middle East, not Europe, and Jewish people often found themselves excluded from or persecuted by 19th-century society.

The exemplifies anti-Semitism. It was a political scandal in France in the late 19th and early 20th centuries that involved the wrongful conviction of , a Jewish officer in the French Army, for treason. Dreyfus was convicted in a secret military court martial in 1894 and publicly degraded before being exiled to in French Guiana. The affair divided French society and exposed deep-seated anti-Semitism and institutional corruption in the army and government.

https://firebasestorage.googleapis.com/v0/b/fiveable-92889.appspot.com/o/images%2Fdreyfus.jpg?alt=media&token=1ac0059b-1f25-493e-ae44-c51e7775b788

The Dreyfus Affair

emerged as a Jewish nationalist response to anti-Semitism through the writings of . Persecuted Jews in Europe dreamed of having a homeland where they would be represented and allowed to freely practice Judaism in Israel. 🇮🇱

Independence Movements

  1. Greeks obtained independence from the Ottomans, weakening the in 1821. 🇬🇷

  2. Serbians obtained independence from the Ottomans, weakening the further in 1830.

  3. Belgium obtained independence from the Netherlands in 1830.

  4. Between 1804-1824, Latin American countries revolted against European colonial powers. Haiti revolted against France, Brazil rose against Portugal, and Spain lost all territories except Puerto Rico and Cuba.

Revolutions of 1848

Protests and revolutions across Europe were organized by the bourgeoisie, with the support of the lower classes, to remove oppressive monarchies. The spread of Enlightenment ideas and rumors of successful government reforms inspired more revolutions to break out all over Europe. 

These revolutions effectively broke down the Concert of Europe and forced governments to reform or be overthrown.

🎥 Watch: AP European History - Revolutions of 1848

https://firebasestorage.googleapis.com/v0/b/fiveable-92889.appspot.com/o/images%2FEurope_1848_map_en.png?alt=media&token=a375bf01-859e-43c6-a1d7-f120e93d9047

Image Courtesy of Wikimedia

Dual Monarchy of Austria-Hungary

Austria was destroyed after the Italian and German unification movements. Not only did they lose land to both movements, but they also lost international influence and respect. With their empire dwindling and nationalist movements rising, issued the to divide the empire into provinces linked as a federation.

Hungarians did not like this new plan, as they were still interested in independence. The was signed as an appeasement to create two separate parliaments, economies, and wholly separate states under the leadership of the . This dual monarchy recognized the political power of the largest ethnic minority and attempted to stabilize the state by reconfiguring national unity.

Alliances 

New nations resulted in new , particularly for the recently unified Italy and Germany. The formation of between nations is important for the development of global conflicts like World War I.

  1. Triple Alliance: Germany, Italy,

  2. Triple Entente: Russia, France, Great Britain

https://firebasestorage.googleapis.com/v0/b/fiveable-92889.appspot.com/o/images%2Ftriples.png?alt=media&token=a791e987-078e-40ef-81da-87b1c0a44105

Image Courtesy of Lumen Learning

Key Terms to Review (28)

Alliances

: In the context of European history, alliances refer to formal agreements or treaties between two or more nations to cooperate for specific purposes, often for mutual defense against other powers.

Captain Alfred Dreyfus

: Captain Alfred Dreyfus was a French Jewish military officer who was falsely accused of treason in 1894, an event known as the Dreyfus Affair. His trial and conviction exposed deep-seated anti-Semitism within France.

Compromise of 1867

: The Compromise of 1867, also known as Ausgleich, established the dual monarchy of Austria-Hungary. It gave Hungarians more autonomy while maintaining Franz Joseph I as ruler over both regions.

Continental System

: The Continental System was an economic policy implemented by Napoleon Bonaparte against Britain during the Napoleonic Wars. It aimed at destroying Britain's economy by closing European ports to British goods.

Development and Spread of Nationalism

: The development and spread of nationalism refers to the process by which people began to identify themselves as part of a nation, leading to the formation of nation-states. This was a significant shift from previous forms of political organization based on kingdoms or empires.

Devil's Island

: Devil's Island is a small rocky island off the coast of French Guiana where Alfred Dreyfus was imprisoned after his wrongful conviction.

Dreyfus Affair

: A political scandal that divided France from 1894 until its resolution in 1906. It involved the wrongful conviction of Alfred Dreyfus, a Jewish military officer, for treason.

Dual Monarchy of Austria-Hungary

: The Dual Monarchy was established in 1867 when Austria and Hungary joined together under one monarch but maintained separate parliaments and administrations.

Effects of Nationalism

: The effects of nationalism refer to the outcomes or consequences that result from a strong identification with, and loyalty for, one's nation. These can include unification, independence movements, cultural pride but also xenophobia and conflict.

Francis Joseph

: Francis Joseph was Emperor of Austria and King of Hungary from 1848 until his death in 1916. He was a symbol of continuity during a time of significant change.

Giuseppe Mazzini

: Giuseppe Mazzini was an Italian politician, journalist, and activist who played a crucial role in the unification of Italy. He is known for founding the nationalist group Young Italy.

Grimm Brothers

: The Grimm Brothers, Jacob and Wilhelm, were German academics who are best known for publishing collections of folk tales and fairy tales which became popular across the globe.

Hapsburgs

: The Hapsburgs were one of the most influential and distinguished royal houses of Europe, ruling Austria (and later Austro-Hungary) for nearly six centuries.

Independence Movements

: Independence movements are collective actions taken by citizens or groups within a country seeking independence from an existing nation-state.

J. G. Fichte

: Johann Gottlieb Fichte was a German philosopher who became a founding figure of the philosophical movement known as German idealism, which developed from the theoretical and ethical writings of Immanuel Kant.

Liberal Reform

: Liberal Reform refers to political changes aimed at promoting civil liberties such as freedom of speech, equality before law etc., often involving reducing the power held by traditional elites or monarchies.

Napoleon

: Napoleon Bonaparte was a French military and political leader who rose to prominence during the French Revolution. He led several successful campaigns during the French Revolutionary Wars and became the de facto leader of France in 1799.

October Diploma

: The October Diploma was a constitution issued by Emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria in 1860. It aimed to resolve the political crisis of the Austrian Empire by creating a federation under his rule, with each state having its own diet (legislative assembly).

Ottoman Empire

: The Ottoman Empire was a state that controlled much of Southeast Europe, Western Asia, and North Africa between the 14th and early 20th centuries. It was founded at the end of the 13th century in northwestern Anatolia by Osman I.

Pan-Slavists

: Pan-Slavists were advocates for the union or cooperation among all Slavic peoples. This movement emerged in mid-19th century Eastern Europe with an aim to protect Slavic culture and language against Germanic influences.

Political Unification

: Political Unification is when separate states, territories, or people come together under a single political entity or government.

Racialism with Anti-Semitism

: Racialism is the belief in the existence and significance of racial categories, often leading to discrimination or prejudice. When combined with Anti-Semitism, it refers to a specific form of racialism that discriminates against Jews based on their race or ethnicity.

Revolutions of 1848

: The Revolutions of 1848 were a series of political upheavals throughout Europe in 1848. They were driven by popular discontent with political corruption and economic hardship, leading to demands for more democratic governance.

Rise in Anti-Semitism

: The increase in hostility, prejudice, or discrimination against Jews. This can manifest through social exclusion, violence, and harmful stereotypes.

Romantic Idealism

: Romantic Idealism is a philosophical and artistic movement that emerged in the late 18th century as a reaction against the Enlightenment's emphasis on reason. It prioritizes emotions, individuality, and nature over rational thought.

Theodor Herzl

: Theodor Herzl was a Jewish Austrian journalist and political activist who is considered the father of modern political Zionism, a movement to establish a Jewish homeland.

Tricolor Flag

: The Tricolor Flag is a type of flag design with three different bands or stripes of color, usually vertical. In the context of European history, it often refers to the French national flag, which features blue, white and red stripes.

Zionism

: Zionism is a Jewish nationalist movement that has had as its goal the creation and support of a Jewish national state in Palestine, the ancient homeland of the Jews.
Jillian Holbrook

Jillian Holbrook

Jillian Holbrook

Jillian Holbrook

Development and Spread of Nationalism

One of the easiest ways to unite people is through a common enemy. The development of nationalism in Europe was a response to and his . first implemented nationalist policies in France through a state language, a common law code, and symbols like the in an effort to unite the French so he could pursue his foreign policy. 🇫🇷

European nations reacted to the through their responses to . The British people focused their efforts on production to defeat rather than striking in factories. The Spanish fought French troops over ’s brother assuming the Spanish throne. The common disdain for made people give allegiance to their own nations.

Some of the most notable nationalists included , the , , and the .

🎥 Watch: AP European History - Nationalism & Imperialism

Effects of Nationalism

Nationalists encouraged loyalty to the nation in a variety of ways, including , , , and .

Rise in Anti-Semitism

The nationalist movement to find commonalities in heritage, language, and religion among citizens often excluded groups as well.

Anti-Semitism is prejudice or hostility against Jews. Jewish heritage is centered in the Middle East, not Europe, and Jewish people often found themselves excluded from or persecuted by 19th-century society.

The exemplifies anti-Semitism. It was a political scandal in France in the late 19th and early 20th centuries that involved the wrongful conviction of , a Jewish officer in the French Army, for treason. Dreyfus was convicted in a secret military court martial in 1894 and publicly degraded before being exiled to in French Guiana. The affair divided French society and exposed deep-seated anti-Semitism and institutional corruption in the army and government.

https://firebasestorage.googleapis.com/v0/b/fiveable-92889.appspot.com/o/images%2Fdreyfus.jpg?alt=media&token=1ac0059b-1f25-493e-ae44-c51e7775b788

The Dreyfus Affair

emerged as a Jewish nationalist response to anti-Semitism through the writings of . Persecuted Jews in Europe dreamed of having a homeland where they would be represented and allowed to freely practice Judaism in Israel. 🇮🇱

Independence Movements

  1. Greeks obtained independence from the Ottomans, weakening the in 1821. 🇬🇷

  2. Serbians obtained independence from the Ottomans, weakening the further in 1830.

  3. Belgium obtained independence from the Netherlands in 1830.

  4. Between 1804-1824, Latin American countries revolted against European colonial powers. Haiti revolted against France, Brazil rose against Portugal, and Spain lost all territories except Puerto Rico and Cuba.

Revolutions of 1848

Protests and revolutions across Europe were organized by the bourgeoisie, with the support of the lower classes, to remove oppressive monarchies. The spread of Enlightenment ideas and rumors of successful government reforms inspired more revolutions to break out all over Europe. 

These revolutions effectively broke down the Concert of Europe and forced governments to reform or be overthrown.

🎥 Watch: AP European History - Revolutions of 1848

https://firebasestorage.googleapis.com/v0/b/fiveable-92889.appspot.com/o/images%2FEurope_1848_map_en.png?alt=media&token=a375bf01-859e-43c6-a1d7-f120e93d9047

Image Courtesy of Wikimedia

Dual Monarchy of Austria-Hungary

Austria was destroyed after the Italian and German unification movements. Not only did they lose land to both movements, but they also lost international influence and respect. With their empire dwindling and nationalist movements rising, issued the to divide the empire into provinces linked as a federation.

Hungarians did not like this new plan, as they were still interested in independence. The was signed as an appeasement to create two separate parliaments, economies, and wholly separate states under the leadership of the . This dual monarchy recognized the political power of the largest ethnic minority and attempted to stabilize the state by reconfiguring national unity.

Alliances 

New nations resulted in new , particularly for the recently unified Italy and Germany. The formation of between nations is important for the development of global conflicts like World War I.

  1. Triple Alliance: Germany, Italy,

  2. Triple Entente: Russia, France, Great Britain

https://firebasestorage.googleapis.com/v0/b/fiveable-92889.appspot.com/o/images%2Ftriples.png?alt=media&token=a791e987-078e-40ef-81da-87b1c0a44105

Image Courtesy of Lumen Learning

Key Terms to Review (28)

Alliances

: In the context of European history, alliances refer to formal agreements or treaties between two or more nations to cooperate for specific purposes, often for mutual defense against other powers.

Captain Alfred Dreyfus

: Captain Alfred Dreyfus was a French Jewish military officer who was falsely accused of treason in 1894, an event known as the Dreyfus Affair. His trial and conviction exposed deep-seated anti-Semitism within France.

Compromise of 1867

: The Compromise of 1867, also known as Ausgleich, established the dual monarchy of Austria-Hungary. It gave Hungarians more autonomy while maintaining Franz Joseph I as ruler over both regions.

Continental System

: The Continental System was an economic policy implemented by Napoleon Bonaparte against Britain during the Napoleonic Wars. It aimed at destroying Britain's economy by closing European ports to British goods.

Development and Spread of Nationalism

: The development and spread of nationalism refers to the process by which people began to identify themselves as part of a nation, leading to the formation of nation-states. This was a significant shift from previous forms of political organization based on kingdoms or empires.

Devil's Island

: Devil's Island is a small rocky island off the coast of French Guiana where Alfred Dreyfus was imprisoned after his wrongful conviction.

Dreyfus Affair

: A political scandal that divided France from 1894 until its resolution in 1906. It involved the wrongful conviction of Alfred Dreyfus, a Jewish military officer, for treason.

Dual Monarchy of Austria-Hungary

: The Dual Monarchy was established in 1867 when Austria and Hungary joined together under one monarch but maintained separate parliaments and administrations.

Effects of Nationalism

: The effects of nationalism refer to the outcomes or consequences that result from a strong identification with, and loyalty for, one's nation. These can include unification, independence movements, cultural pride but also xenophobia and conflict.

Francis Joseph

: Francis Joseph was Emperor of Austria and King of Hungary from 1848 until his death in 1916. He was a symbol of continuity during a time of significant change.

Giuseppe Mazzini

: Giuseppe Mazzini was an Italian politician, journalist, and activist who played a crucial role in the unification of Italy. He is known for founding the nationalist group Young Italy.

Grimm Brothers

: The Grimm Brothers, Jacob and Wilhelm, were German academics who are best known for publishing collections of folk tales and fairy tales which became popular across the globe.

Hapsburgs

: The Hapsburgs were one of the most influential and distinguished royal houses of Europe, ruling Austria (and later Austro-Hungary) for nearly six centuries.

Independence Movements

: Independence movements are collective actions taken by citizens or groups within a country seeking independence from an existing nation-state.

J. G. Fichte

: Johann Gottlieb Fichte was a German philosopher who became a founding figure of the philosophical movement known as German idealism, which developed from the theoretical and ethical writings of Immanuel Kant.

Liberal Reform

: Liberal Reform refers to political changes aimed at promoting civil liberties such as freedom of speech, equality before law etc., often involving reducing the power held by traditional elites or monarchies.

Napoleon

: Napoleon Bonaparte was a French military and political leader who rose to prominence during the French Revolution. He led several successful campaigns during the French Revolutionary Wars and became the de facto leader of France in 1799.

October Diploma

: The October Diploma was a constitution issued by Emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria in 1860. It aimed to resolve the political crisis of the Austrian Empire by creating a federation under his rule, with each state having its own diet (legislative assembly).

Ottoman Empire

: The Ottoman Empire was a state that controlled much of Southeast Europe, Western Asia, and North Africa between the 14th and early 20th centuries. It was founded at the end of the 13th century in northwestern Anatolia by Osman I.

Pan-Slavists

: Pan-Slavists were advocates for the union or cooperation among all Slavic peoples. This movement emerged in mid-19th century Eastern Europe with an aim to protect Slavic culture and language against Germanic influences.

Political Unification

: Political Unification is when separate states, territories, or people come together under a single political entity or government.

Racialism with Anti-Semitism

: Racialism is the belief in the existence and significance of racial categories, often leading to discrimination or prejudice. When combined with Anti-Semitism, it refers to a specific form of racialism that discriminates against Jews based on their race or ethnicity.

Revolutions of 1848

: The Revolutions of 1848 were a series of political upheavals throughout Europe in 1848. They were driven by popular discontent with political corruption and economic hardship, leading to demands for more democratic governance.

Rise in Anti-Semitism

: The increase in hostility, prejudice, or discrimination against Jews. This can manifest through social exclusion, violence, and harmful stereotypes.

Romantic Idealism

: Romantic Idealism is a philosophical and artistic movement that emerged in the late 18th century as a reaction against the Enlightenment's emphasis on reason. It prioritizes emotions, individuality, and nature over rational thought.

Theodor Herzl

: Theodor Herzl was a Jewish Austrian journalist and political activist who is considered the father of modern political Zionism, a movement to establish a Jewish homeland.

Tricolor Flag

: The Tricolor Flag is a type of flag design with three different bands or stripes of color, usually vertical. In the context of European history, it often refers to the French national flag, which features blue, white and red stripes.

Zionism

: Zionism is a Jewish nationalist movement that has had as its goal the creation and support of a Jewish national state in Palestine, the ancient homeland of the Jews.


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AP® and SAT® are trademarks registered by the College Board, which is not affiliated with, and does not endorse this website.


© 2024 Fiveable Inc. All rights reserved.

AP® and SAT® are trademarks registered by the College Board, which is not affiliated with, and does not endorse this website.