The Concordat of Bologna was an agreement made in 1516 between King Francis I of France and Pope Leo X that allowed the French king to select French bishops and abbots. This gave him significant influence over church affairs within France.
Imagine if a school's student body president got to choose all his teachers - that's kind of like what happened with King Francis I after the Concordat of Bologna. He had major sway over who got important jobs within his country's church.
Gallicanism: The belief that popular civil authority—often represented by monarchs' authority—over the Catholic Church is comparable to that of the Pope’s.
Investiture Controversy: A conflict between church and state in medieval Europe over who —the sovereign or pope—had authority appoint local church officials such as bishops.
Papal Bull: A type of public decree, letters patent, or charter issued by a pope of the Catholic Church.
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